Modern Adaptation of Oedipus Rex (Scene)

Oedipus Rex Adaptation Original Scene: Laius meets the oracle and learns that his own son will kill him and marry his mother. Laius orders Jocasta to kill the baby. Jocasta hesitates and gives the baby to a servant so he could kill the baby. The servant leaves the baby to die in the sun. *A shepherd saves the baby and names him Oedipus. *optional to adapt Characters 1. King Laius / Lionel von Hudson – Jared Lionel von Hudson is a wealthy and powerful businessman. He comes from a line of elites and his family holds tremendous economic power in New York. . Queen Jocasta / Cassandra von Hudson – Ravina Cassandar von Hudson is the wife of Lionel von Hudson. She also comes from a long line of elites from the Hamptons. She is unwilling to kil her first born child. Sometimes, she’s also conceited and proud. 3. Oracle / Gypsy lady – Ratna A gypsy fortune teller who receives a vision and prophecy on the fate of the von Hudsons. Carries her fortune telling crystal w ith her. 4. Servant / Sherry the Attendant – Farah Sherry is the von Hudson’s attendant who act as both driver and personal bodyguard.A religious person but also fears her employers. She believes in fate. 5. * Corinthian Shepherd / Plumber – Jared A plumber who takes care of the sewer pipes. A person with a good heart. Setting: Modern day Upper East Side Manhattan, New York Scene 1 Setting: Outside Lionel’s office building Props: 2 chairs (car) and a â€Å"crystal† ball Lionel ask his driver to pull over at the office for a meeting. Lionel : Now, Sherry, the meeting will be till 2. I will be back at about 2:30. Sherry : Yes Mr. Lionel. I will be here. Have a good meeting Mr. Lionel, Mdm. Cassandra.Lionel and Cassandra exit the car and walk towards the office entrance when they were stopped by a gypsy lady with a crystal ball. Gypsy Lady : The couple there. Mr and Mrs von Hudson. [walks over to Lionel and Cassandra] Cassandra : Oh Lord woman. How do you know our names. But then again, we’re all over the news anyways. Gypsy Lady: I come with news, news you must hear, regarding your child and your fate. For I see your future. You are doomed Mr. von Hudson, doomed to death by the hands of your son. And you, Mrs. on Hudson, incest be upon you for when death befalls Mr. von Hudson, you will marry your child. Lionel: What nonsense. You foolish gypsy. Shut your mouth and stop this rubbish. I’m late for my meeting and you’ve just ruined my mood. Cassandra: I shall not believe in this nonsense either. Let’s go Lionel. Let’s leave this foolish lady. Lionel and Cassandra walks away. Gypsy Lady: [shouts] HEED MY WORDS VON HUDSON. FOR TRAGEDY WILL BEFALL YOU TONIGHT AND WE’LL SEE WHO THE FOOLISH ONE IS.Cassandra looks over her shoulder at the gypsy lady, a tinge of worry on her face. Scene 2 Setting: Elevator to the von Hudson’s penthouse. Props: none Lionel: What foolishness. That gypsy sur e knows how to get on my nerves. I’m still angry just thinking of her. Cassandra: Lionel dear, let’s not worry about her and open ourselves a bottle of champagne tonight. A fool will be a fool. DING! Elevator door opens. Lionel and Cassandra looks at their penthouse in horror and shock. Lionel : What in the world could have done this?! Look at our apartment.It’s trashed. Cassandra : Oh no. What if the Gypsy Lady was right? Lionel : SHERRY?! Sherry comes running in. Sherry : Yes, Mr. Lionel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [looks around in horror] I’ll get the maintenance to clear this up. Sherry runs out. Cassandra : Oh Lionel, what are we to do. She was right. Lionel : We have to save ourselves Cassandra. I will leave for a business trip tomorrow. When I’m back, I want the boy gone. Kill him before he kills us and land you in sin. Cassandra : But†¦ but he’s our flesh and blood. Lionel : It will be as I say. Scene 3Setting : Penthouse (clean again) Prop s: â€Å"baby† Cassandra : [on the phone] Sherry, could you come up here please. DING! Sherry : Yes, Mdm. Cassandra? Cassandra hands Sherry the baby. Cassandra : You have to do it Sherry. I can’t. Sherry: Do what madam? Cassandra : Kill him. Before he grows up and kill Lionel. Sherry : I†¦. I can’t†¦. Cassandra : You must. Cassandra covers her face and sobs. Scene 4 Setting: Sewers Props : â€Å"baby† Sherry : I’m sorry young master. What ordeal has come upon such a tiny soul. Oh God. Why?! I could not bring myself to do it.If it’s your fate to live, young master, then, may God send someone to save you. But if it’s your fate to die, let the crocodiles come to you first. Sherry leaves the baby on the ground and leaves. *optional Plumber walks in. Plumber: Now, where is that broken pipe? [hears baby’s cry, looks around and spots the baby] Oh dear god. Why? To an infant soul? [picks up baby] You poor thing. But I’ m too poor. I do hope that Mr. and Mrs. Goldstein would take him? They’ve been trying to have a child for ages. [looks at the baby, smiles] Hello there, Alfie.

Wal Mart

What are the potential effects of computerized scheduling on employee morale? The first one is that this gives more flexibility to the store managers. They can now work more effectively because the system favours productivity and customer satisfaction. Therefore from a managerial point of view, managers are more satisfied with the new system. However, the system generates a schedule that gives more flexibility to workers but less pay checks. Indeed, the workers are no more stable because their working schedule can fluctuate at any time. Therefore, job insecurity increases and the worker cannot feel at ease because he cannot plan his week.Besides, the irregular working hours put the workers in more difficulty in their social life. Moreover, the system gives opportunities for the managers not to give overtime or full-time wages to the workers. These ones will be tensed because they will need more working hours in other to put bread on the table in their households. We can assume that W al-Mart, being the company that gives the lowest wage rate in the US, people that work for this company need money in order to survive in society. So this system turns out to be not at all beneficial morally for the employees.Finally, we can assert that this system gives more power to the managers to fire employees who do not fit into the computerized system. Therefore, the level of employee satisfaction goes down. What are the consequences of these effects for Wal-Mart? The first consequence of this effect is that it gives very bad publicity to Wal-Mart. Indeed, Wal-Mart was known to be the company that gives the lowest wage rate in the US. Moreover, from a social point a view, it was observed that the workers were mainly people from the low class and were from Hispanic origin.So before the new computerized system, Wal-Mart was not a renowned company for its social ways of doing. Now, people will know that the company has given even more insecurity to its cheap labour. The second c onsequence is that the company might have more difficulties to find workers because people will know that the job insecurity has increased. For instance, a company like Walt Disney also gives a low level of wages but the firm gives social benefits (medical aid and social security). This company will therefore be more attractive although it has a computerized system to schedule the workers’ hours.Therefore, Wal-Mart will have competitive disadvantages to find cheap labour because they do not consider the worker’s point of view The last consequence is that from a legal point of view, the company has been criticized. Indeed, the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 says that workers cannot be used as an article of commerce. Therefore, people are now saying that the company is using its workers as objects. This goes against Human rights and it gives an awful image to the firm. This gives a lack of credibility to the company and shame to its shareholders. Wal Mart What are the potential effects of computerized scheduling on employee morale? The first one is that this gives more flexibility to the store managers. They can now work more effectively because the system favours productivity and customer satisfaction. Therefore from a managerial point of view, managers are more satisfied with the new system. However, the system generates a schedule that gives more flexibility to workers but less pay checks. Indeed, the workers are no more stable because their working schedule can fluctuate at any time. Therefore, job insecurity increases and the worker cannot feel at ease because he cannot plan his week.Besides, the irregular working hours put the workers in more difficulty in their social life. Moreover, the system gives opportunities for the managers not to give overtime or full-time wages to the workers. These ones will be tensed because they will need more working hours in other to put bread on the table in their households. We can assume that W al-Mart, being the company that gives the lowest wage rate in the US, people that work for this company need money in order to survive in society. So this system turns out to be not at all beneficial morally for the employees.Finally, we can assert that this system gives more power to the managers to fire employees who do not fit into the computerized system. Therefore, the level of employee satisfaction goes down. What are the consequences of these effects for Wal-Mart? The first consequence of this effect is that it gives very bad publicity to Wal-Mart. Indeed, Wal-Mart was known to be the company that gives the lowest wage rate in the US. Moreover, from a social point a view, it was observed that the workers were mainly people from the low class and were from Hispanic origin.So before the new computerized system, Wal-Mart was not a renowned company for its social ways of doing. Now, people will know that the company has given even more insecurity to its cheap labour. The second c onsequence is that the company might have more difficulties to find workers because people will know that the job insecurity has increased. For instance, a company like Walt Disney also gives a low level of wages but the firm gives social benefits (medical aid and social security). This company will therefore be more attractive although it has a computerized system to schedule the workers’ hours.Therefore, Wal-Mart will have competitive disadvantages to find cheap labour because they do not consider the worker’s point of view The last consequence is that from a legal point of view, the company has been criticized. Indeed, the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 says that workers cannot be used as an article of commerce. Therefore, people are now saying that the company is using its workers as objects. This goes against Human rights and it gives an awful image to the firm. This gives a lack of credibility to the company and shame to its shareholders.

Psych Unit IV Article Review Essay

There are so many different theories out there that try to explain why we act the way we act. How do we explain evil or hateful behavior? I just finished reading the article ‘’Prison Violence: Does brutality come with a badge?’’, written by: Bruce Gross. This article talks about being a prison guard, and how some people act when they enter this career. Would you act differently if you went from the role of the prisoner to the role of the prison guard? There have been many reports of ‘’cruel and unusual’’ punishment that is being administered by prison guards to inmates in prisons. Not only are inmates reporting this abuse, but federal authorities are also recognizing there is a problem. In 2005, the commission on Safety and Abuse in Prisons said there were 16,000 allegations of sexual and physical assault that were reported. There are also reports of abuse happening in County jails as well as in prisons. ‘’Inmates have reported being choked, kicked, punched, and hit with objects by single or multiple guards’’, (Gross, 2008). If you look back at our history, it is full of ordinary people who commit terrible acts of violence. Some people have done studies and are trying to understand why people commit these ‘’evil crimes’’. Stanley Milgram is one of those people. He was a Yale University professor, who conducted an experiment in 1961. In this experiment there were ‘’teachers’’ and there were ‘’learners. The teachers were given the power to administer a shock to the learners if they answered a question wrong. It was surprising how much the ‘’teachers’’ in the experiment would shock the ‘’learners’’ and the amount of volts that they would use without protest. Another experiment that was done to test these violent behaviors was known as the Stanford Prison Experiment. In August of 1971, this experiment was started by psychology professor Philip Zimbardo. He put an ad in the paper and found volunteers to play role of ‘’prisoner’’ and the role of ‘’guard’’. He created a prison-like environment in the basement of the psychology building on the Stanford Campus. There was some definite brutality that started to show in the guards during this experiment. Some showed more than others. After only 6 days, the experiment was shut down. One third (1/3) of these ‘’guards’’ showed sadistic behavior. There was a similar study done that was called the BBC Prison Study. This study was also shut down early. ‘’Both of these prison studies demonstrated that under some circumstances, some individuals resist going-with-the flow of group associated brutality’’, (Gross, 2008). Sometimes an individual will behave differently if they know they’re being watched. In the SPE experiment, the participants knew they were being watched by ‘’supervisors’’, and on the BBC experiment, they knew they were being watched by an audience (including family and friends). These factors may have affected the way that either group acted throughout the experiment. I know I would act differently if I knew that my mother was watching me. Some people think it’s the environment that people are in that brings out violence. Well of course it is! If you treat someone like a caged animal, eventually they will start acting like one. If a guard is told to dehumanize a prisoner, then you will probably see violence out of the guards, as well as out of the prisoners. ‘’Violence and extreme behaviors by guards against inmates have many sources’’, (Gross, 2008). In the prison studies that were covered in this article, it didn’t surprise the experimenters that ‘’good people’’ were committing evil acts when they played the role of the guards. They were more surprised and shocked that more people didn’t stand up for what was right. Even if they didn’t agree with what was happening, they just kept their mouth shut, and went with the flow. At the end of the article, Gross says, ‘’Perhaps the adage is true, that real evil exists and flourishe s when good people do nothing’’.

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Business Ethics - Essay Example The article, â€Å"Yours, Mine or Ours?† by Lisa Bertagnoli throws light on a disadvantageous aspect of this sharing of technological equipments, by narrating a little incident, before she goes on to talk about one of the topics gaining fast reputation---Business Ethics and its subsidiary, Intellectual Property Rights. She addresses this new practice, as a â€Å"new way of working†. Employees bring in their personal commodities and gadgets, to workplaces, while some others use company equipments for personal usage. These occurrences has been creating chaos when an employees is shown the door or resigns from job, since one does not know, whether he has been using his own equipment or the company’s, as it is very difficult to track down such minor problems, when there are numerous employees involved. This new practice has led to many chaotic occurrences, as when an employee leaves a workplace, he might carry away some of the internal business communication and information, in his personal equipment, thus exposing certain confidential matters. Sensitive information and secrecy are destroyed, since the employee in question could share the information with competitive ventures or sue it for his own benefits. This is termed as the abuse of Intellectual Property and in an workplace where thousands of employees work in tandem, it is extremely difficult to pin point a particular person. Thus, this article relates to problems involved in protecting Intellectual Properties and privacy issues of a company. The main ethical problem, dealt with in this business ethics related article, is that of Intellectual Property and the Rights in its fold. One

Introduction to Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to Marketing - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the potential value of a specific framework of marketing, the marketing mix, to help a business operating in the British organic food industry, the Sea View Farm, to improve its performance. The fact that the business owners do not have experience on marketing practices should be taken into consideration when deciding on the marketing strategies that the firm would implement for securing its market position and for setting the basis for growth in the future. It seems that marketing could help the business to increase its performance but only under the terms that all the phases of the relevant plan will be closely monitored. The cooperation with a professional of the marketing industry would increase the chances for the success of the above initiative. 2. Overview of the current marketing mix and its importance to the organisation. In its most common form, the marketing mix includes four elements, also known as ‘four Ps’: product, place, price and promotion. These elements need to be reviewed and evaluated in order to decide on the marketing strategies that would be most appropriate for covering each organization’s needs. Relevant literature should be primarily reviewed. Marketing mix is a framework that has been established for covering specific marketing needs. In fact, these needs seem to be common in businesses in different industries (Doole & Lowe 2008). The marketing mix introduces four criteria that can be used for developing an effective marketing plan (Leadley & Forsyth 2004). One of the key advantages of marketing mix is its standardization (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel 2011). Indeed, firms that decide to use the specific approach need to focus on four elements, as included in the marketing mix, without having the potential to alternate or to replace these elements (Usman et al.2012). Of course, failures when implementing the specific approach are difficult to be fully avoided. In practice, it has been proved that the marketing mix has certain drawbacks, such as: a) the marketing mix is developed according to ‘the seller’s perceptions on market’ (Kotler & Armstrong 2010, p.77); b) it is partially opposed to the market rule that in the context of each market the interests of the consumer need to be primarily served (Czinkota, M. & Ronkainen 207). In fact, the marketing mix highlights the interests of the seller as being of equal worth with those of the buyer; c) the structure/ content of marketing mix cannot be effectively protected; competitors can develop similar marketing mixes for protecting their market position (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel 2011); d) marketing mix may not cooperate well with certain business strategies that are widely used for promoted products/ services worldwide; reference is made, as an example to the case of branding (Riaz & Tanveer 2011) and e) marketing mix may not be quite effective in markets with strong socio-cultural environments, where the influen ce of culture on ethics is quite strong (Keramati et al. 2012). The potential expansion of marketing mix, i.e. above the 4Ps, could possibly help to resolve the problems presented above (Goi 2009). In addition, it should be noted that in turbulent markets, the findings of the marketing mix would not be quite credible (Borden 1984). The market conditions would be changed regularly under the pressures of external forces; thus any assumption for the actual qualities/ potentials of

Video Games to use to teach children with Autism Essay

Video Games to use to teach children with Autism - Essay Example Some parents use video games with their children to teach emotion sharing and to connect with their autistic children, playing games like The Sims or Pokemon and gaining a rare shared glimpse into the world. Researchers have found that games like The Sims that have online mingling allow autistics to interact and learn social skills that are among the hardest to teach autistics. Research has also found, in this vein, that autistics approach video games very similarly to non-autistic children and get the same benefits. Because of this, video games become one of the ways for autistic children to share experiences with peers: An autistic child and a non-autistic child may have many obvious differences, but they both catch Pokemon the same way. Research into the Wii in particular indicates that the Wii can help people with Parkinson's rebuild their skills and memory, and help children with exercise. Motion control systems like the Wii and the Move and Kinect controllers can help autistics and other children interact, get physical activity, and learn elements like hand-eye coordination and intuitive knowledge of physics. Research conducted by Rosas et al (2002) into educational video games find that they help to improve math, spelling and comprehension skills in first-and-second graders.

Answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Answer questions - Assignment Example Starting a project requires definition of what the project is required to accomplish. A project starts with an idea them the vision that must be associated with the vision of the business. Project charter acts as the starting point where it established the foundation of the project. This must include the business needs and the deliverables to be executed. All the stipulations must be tied up to roles and responsibilities of the project development team. Human and material resources must be well defined (Goldratt, 1997). Often, an organization must put more efforts in estimation of the cost of the project in the chartering stage. The risks affecting the projects are also considered and their effects to the duration and cost of the project evaluated. The benefits and cost estimates must be supported using consistent approaches which provide realistic estimates for both costs and benefits. The establishment of the vision of a project in accordance with the project charter facilitates the success of the project. The project charter must corresponds to the business case put across to demonstrate that the project is viable and will assist in achieving the financial, employee and customer goals. The project chartering phase allows for establishment of an effective process that identifies and resolves various issues and actions that arise during the project development process. The chartering process forms the first step in execution of Lean project (Leach & Lawrence, 2005). Getting the sponsors and management to sign is normally difficult. Only one person is required in championing the project and passing it around. A good charter must be in a position to offer a written documentation that efficiently approves the launch and the requests of the efforts in project planning. Furthermore, the documentation of the project charter allows for collaboration of the major stakeholders and improves the deliverables. This must fairly represent the views of major

Company law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Company law - Essay Example It must be emphasized that the Partnership is nothing but a collection of individuals and not a separate entity in itself. As such, there is no concept of limited liability. All the partners are jointly and severally liable for the debts of the business. This means that the creditors of the business can not only seize the assets which were put into the Business by the partners, but also to the personal assets of the partners. So for example if your Business defaults on the loan that you intend to take out from Credit Crunch Bank, then not only will the  £10,000 put in by each partner be liable for forfeiture, but the personal assets of the partners will also be up for grabs. To emphasize the point, under a partnership there is no dividing line between the Business and the Partners themselves. A private company limited by shares is different. Here a company will be incorporated having separate legal personality and the Business will be carried out by this company. In the eyes of the law, the company is a separate person just like all you and your fellow colleagues are different people. Any debts of the company will remain its own and will not flow over to the shareholders. Similarly, any assets contributed to the company will belong to the company and will no longer be a part of the shareholder’s estate. The main duty of the shareholder is to contribute to the value of the share. Once this is done, there is no further liability on the shareholder. Even if the company later faces debts, the personal assets of the shareholder are safe. The concepts of separate legal personality and limited liability come together to ensure that the liability of the shareholder is limited to any amounts unpaid on the price of the shares and nothing else. So if, as before, the company defaulted on the Credit Crunch Bank loan, then only the assets of the business such as the  £10000 each contributed as capital by you and your colleagues would

Principles Of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Principles Of Management - Essay Example For effectiveness in the performance of any business enterprise, therefore, the management of the organization must devise a mechanism for influencing the resources of the company in a proper manner to enable it achieves its objectives (Yeoh & Koronios, 2010). Effective management is a significant component for achievement of the optimum productivity of an organization. Using an appropriate management and leadership style, the top, and the middle managers in an organization can shape both the internal and the external environment of the organization to ensure improvement in productivity within the organization. Motivation of the employees is one aspect of ensuring proper management of the internal environment of the organization, while provision of the essential social services is a responsibility of an organization to ensure appropriate cooperation and collaboration with the external environment of the organization. Management in an organization draws from a multivariate of principles and styles, thus to understand the nature of management in an organization, this paper will analyses management through a discussion on the significance of management duties, the importance of team management and communication, effective leadership as well as the ethical factors influencing effective management in an organization (Walker, 2004). The management functions in an organization are geared towards coordination of the efforts of the employees towards the meeting of the objectives of the organization. The coordination purposes are done using available resources in the organization to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in the utilization of the resources to have an optimum output. The management functions in an organization thus include planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling the endeavors of the organization. Planning as a management function of an organization contains all the

Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Descartes - Essay Example There must be a proper procedure of metaphysical verification through which the mind can get certain of what it thinks and there must be strong emphasizing proofs for his. But later on refuting has own arguments to some extent, Rene argues that since he is certain about the fact that he is thinking about something, so he can conclude on this tautology that man is something which has the ability to think. Existence of God is one of the most important and centric circle of attention for the mediator. He builds the proofs for the existence of God by building an argument based in the human mind processes. He says that the human mind of packed with the idea of existence of God and if by any means this idea is created then it must be created by God himself. Humans are weak and don’t have powers to illusion the minds so impeccably so this lead to the fact that this idea of God’s existence is injected in the human minds by the God himself which depicts the existence of God. ... He argues to get rid of all the dogmas and really believe. In this paper, one out of six meditations will be summarized and discussed. Explanation In the sixth meditation, concerning the Existence of material things, and the real Distinction between Mind and Body, Rene tries to explore the hidden phenomena in the clear distinction of one’s self with external events and object along with the strong emphasis to prove that things outside self and God exists. While discussing the credibility of mind-body dualism, meditator argues that the human behind always feel the internal needs for something that are triggered by the external factor but this cannot be felt outside the body for example he says that he can feel heat, pressure, tickling and hunger within his body but he cannot feel these physical characteristics and happening outside his body. He asks a series of question and says why is human body self centric and why we cannot feel the physical variants of other people (Descart es and Stanley, 193). The main argument which is built by the meditator is that human body and body yare not interdependent and they can exists without each other for example he says that human body has a certain characteristic of extension which is inherent in it. The human body gets extended with the passage of time but the human mind is not extendable and remains of the same size this means that this basic characteristic of extension does not co-exist in the human mind and body so human mind and exist without body and work on its own. The meditator then argues that the human mind and body are dependent upon the physical objects and substances which do not only cause the triggering of internal demands of the human mind and body, they also play a colossal role to satisfy

MITOSISMEIOSIS Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MITOSISMEIOSIS - Lab Report Example This is followed by separation of daughter cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division by which germ cells (eggs and sperm) are produced. Meiosis was first observed by the Belgian cytologist Pierre-Joseph van Beneden in 1887. Meiosis involves a reduction in the amount of genetic material. It comprises two successive nuclear divisions with only one round of DNA replication. One parent cell, at the end of one meiotic division, produces four daughter cells. Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes found in the original parent cell and with crossing over, are genetically different. Meiosis differs from mitosis primarily because there are two cell divisions in meiosis, resulting in cells with a haploid number of chromosomes. Cell division is especially rapid in the growing root tips of sprouting seeds. The chromosomes in dividing root tip cells can be demonstrated if, after sprouting seeds or bulbs,and harvesting the young root tips, and then fix, acid digest, stain, squash, and view them under a microscope. The root tip is the place of intense mitotic activity. This region is three dimensional and individual cells cannot be seen. It is therefore necessary to separate the cells out into a thin layer. Plant cells are glued together by the middle lamella of calcium pectate. Hydrochloric acid will dissolve this calcium pectate but leave the cellulose cell wall unaffected. In addition the acid kills and fixes the cell contents in position. Acetic orcein stains nuclei and not the cytoplasm. 1. The apical 5mm from the tip of a growing lateral root of a broad bean was carefully cut. 2. The root tip was placed in a watch glass containing acetic orcein stain and 1mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid in the approximate proportions 10 parts stain to 1 part acid. 3. Allowed to warm for five minutes by passing repeatedly through a low Bunsen flame. 4. The fixed root tip was placed on a microscope slide and two drops of acetic orcein were added. 5. The root tip was broken up without destroying the arrangement of the cells, and the root tip was spread out as thinly as possible. 6. A cover slip was placed over the root tip, and covered it with blotting paper and squashed gently by pushing down on the cover slip. 7. The slide was warmed gently to intensify the stain, by quickly passing through a low Bunsen burner flame a few times. 8. The slide was examined for identifying any stage of mitosis. Results Mitosis The four phases of mitosis- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase- were observed under the microscope. The different phases were identified based on the unique chromatin organization features: 1. Interphase: Each chromosome undergoes replication, making an identical copy of itself. At this point, the chromosomes are still long and thin, and are not visible inside the nucleus. Cells spend most of their life in this non-reproductive phase. 2. Prophase: The chromosomes coil and shorten, and become visible. It becomes apparent that the chromosomes have duplicated. Pairs of identical chromosomes remain

Relationships with Government Regulators and Policymakers Essay Example for Free

Relationships with Government Regulators and Policymakers Essay No, I did not believe that Merck acted in a socially responsible and ethical manner with regard to Vioxx. Vioxx is a prescription medicine used to relieve signs and symptoms of arthritis, acute pain in adults and painful menstrual cycle and Merck was one of the world’s leading pharmaceutical firms. Corporate social responsibility means that a corporation should act in a way that enhances society and its inhabitants and be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, their communities, and their environment. I didn’t believe Merck acted in a socially responsible and ethical manner with regard to Vioxx is because Merck had long enjoyed a reputation as one of the most ethical and socially responsible of the major drug companies. Drug development and testing Merck was renowned for its research labs, which had a decades-long record of achievement, turning out one innovation after another, including drugs for cholesterol, hypertension, tuberculosis and other. In product development and testing, scientists know Vioxx there are serious health risks and the drug may have side effects such as cardiovascular complications but scientists think that the lives that could have potentially been and now know that the effects of the medication can improve then change and it can minimize the harmful side effects. During the development and testing phase for Vioxx has many issues regarding the safety of the drug were questioned due to the many cases of heart attacks and strokes resulting from the medication but also have people think heart attacks and strokes were common and they had multiple causes, including genetic predisposition, smoking, obesity and a sedentary lifestyles. Marketing and advertising This was new in the pharmaceutical industry as it was the first time the FDA were allowed to advertise to consumers and the advertising technique of Vioxx that was used was thru direct-to-consumer. Merck used an Olympic figure skater as the primary character within their commercials and telling viewers that she would â€Å"not let arthritis stop me.† The drug companies defended DTC ads, saying they informed consumers of newly available therapies and encouraged people to seek medical treatment so consumers then would request this medication, making doctors feel obliged to prescribe. Drug company focused most of their marketing efforts on prescribing physicians and as a result of this fiasco, implications for big pharmaceutical firms like Merck are clear, they have take more time to conduct more clinical studies and assess the health risks associated with the drugs even if it means a delay in the entry of the drug into the market. Relationships with government regulators and policymakers Vioxx were regulated by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and work of FDA is whether or not to approve a new drug. Some evidence suggested that the morale of FDA staff charged with evaluating the safety of new medicine had been hurt by relentless pressure to bring drugs to market quickly. The government and policymakers received large sums of money from the development company during the advertising phase and market introduction. The Agency has not had an opportunity to review the data from the study that was stopped in the depth that Merck has, but agrees with the company that there appear to be significant safety concerns for patients, particularly those taking the drug chronically and FDA plans to work closely with Merck to coordinate the withdrawal of this product from the US market. Handling of the recall Merck announced a voluntary worldwide withdrawal of Vioxx. From the published evidence of Vioxx is crystal clear risk of heart attack, as early as in the late 1990s, the company should be aware of risk awareness and the companys internal documents confirmed the the companys awareness of the risks. Yet Merck continued not only to sell the drug, but to market it heavily and as a first line choice, not merely for those thought to be at higher risk of stomach bleeding. Merck decisions and judgments of certain problems with Vioxxs launch can be faulted. They are either ignored or dismissed early signs of an increased risk of heart attack, whether it is in their own research and other post, trying to get to market faster. This proved to be deadly further studies in line with the concerns, and lead ultimately to lead to another wrong decision to recall the drug from the market and Merck would have hoped for, instead they lost the market of customers who would still have taken Vioxx in spite of the risks.

El estudio de proyectos

El estudio de proyectos 1 EL ESTUDIO DE PROYECTOS 1.1 Preparacià ³n y evaluacià ³n de proyectos Un proyecto es la bà ºsqueda de una solucià ³n inteligente al planteamiento de un problema tendiente a resolver, entre tantos, una necesidad humana. El proyecto surge como respuesta a una idea que busca la solucià ³n de un problema o la manera de aprovechar una oportunidad de negocios. Al preparar y evaluar un proyecto se pretende encontrar la mejor solucià ³n al â€Å"problema econà ³mico† que se ha planteado, y asà ­ conseguir que se disponga de antecedentes y la informacià ³n necesaria para asignar racionalmente los recursos escasos a la alternativa de solucià ³n mà ¡s eficiente y viable frente a una necesidad humana percibida. La Pre-inversià ³n consta de dos etapas. La primera etapa es la Preparacià ³n del proyecto, es decir, se determina magnitud de la inversià ³n, los costos y beneficios. La segunda etapa es la Evaluacià ³n del proyecto, en otras palabras, se mide la rentabilidad de la inversià ³n. Las causas del fracaso o del à ©xito pueden ser: * Cambios tecnolà ³gicos * Cambios en el contexto polà ­tico: cambios de gobierno o variaciones econà ³micas. * Cambios en las relaciones comerciales internacionales * Inestabilidad de la naturaleza * Entorno institucional * Normativa legal 1.2 La toma de decisiones asociadas con un proyecto No existe una concepcià ³n rà ­gida definida en tà ©rminos de establecer mecanismos precisos en la toma de decisiones asociadas con un proyecto. No obstante, resulta obvio seà ±alar que la adopcià ³n de decisiones exige disponer de un sinnà ºmero de antecedentes que permitan que esta se efectà ºe inteligentemente. Lo fundamental en la toma de decisiones es que à ©stas se encuentran cimentadas en antecedentes bà ¡sicos concretos que hagan que se adopten concienzudamente y con el mà ¡s pleno conocimiento de las distintas variables que entran en juego. Evaluacià ³n de proyectos consisten entonces, en un conjunto de antecedentes justificatorios, mediante los cuales se establecen las ventajas y desventajas que tiene la asignacià ³n de recursos para una idea o un objetivo determinado. 1.3 Tipologà ­a de los proyectos: Uno de los primeros problemas que se observan al evaluar un proyecto es la gran diversidad de tipos de proyectos que se pueden encontrar, dependiendo tanto del objetivo de estudio, como de la finalidad de la inversià ³n. Segà ºn el objetivo o finalidad del estudio, de acuerdo con lo que se espera medir con la evaluacià ³n, es posible identificar 3 tipos de proyectos que obligan a conocer 3 formas de obtener los flujos de caja para lograr el resultado deseado: 1. Estudios para medir la rentabilidad del proyecto, es decir, del total de la inversià ³n, independientemente de dà ³nde provengan los fondos. 2. Estudios para medir la rentabilidad de los recursos propios invertidos en el proyecto. 3. Estudios para medir la capacidad del propio proyecto para enfrentar los compromisos de pago asumidos en un eventual endeudamiento para su realizacià ³n. Para el evaluador de proyectos es necesario y fundamental diferenciar entre la rentabilidad del proyecto y la rentabilidad del inversionista. La rentabilidad del proyecto es la que busca medir la rentabilidad del negocio independientemente de quien lo haga, mientras que la rentabilidad del inversionista es la que busca medir la rentabilidad de los recursos propios del inversionista en la eventualidad de que se lleve a cabo el proyecto. Segà ºn la finalidad o el objeto de la inversià ³n, es decir, del objetivo de la asignacià ³n de recursos es posible distinguir entre: a) Proyectos que buscan crear nuevos negocios: en este caso, la evaluacià ³n se concentrarà ¡ en determinar todos los costos y beneficios asociados directamente con la inversià ³n. b) Proyectos que buscan evaluar un cambio, mejora o modernizacià ³n de empresas ya existentes: solo considerarà ¡ aquellos que son relevantes para la decisià ³n que se deberà ¡ tomar. a. Un proyecto de modernizacià ³n puede incluir: i. Externalidad ii. Internalizacià ³n iii. Reemplazo iv. Ampliacià ³n v. Abandono 1.4 La evaluacià ³n de proyectos Si se encarga la evaluacià ³n de un mismo proyecto a dos especialistas diferentes, seguramente ambos resultados serà ¡n distintos por el hecho de que la evaluacià ³n se basa en estimaciones de lo que se espera sean en el futuro los beneficios y costos que se asocian a un proyecto. La evaluacià ³n de proyectos pretende medir objetivamente ciertas magnitudes cuantitativas resultantes del estudio del proyecto, y dan origen a operaciones matemà ¡ticas que permiten diferentes coeficientes de evaluacià ³n. Lo realmente decisivo es poder plantear premisas y supuestos và ¡lidos que hayan sido sometidos a convalidacià ³n a travà ©s de distintos mecanismos y tà ©cnicas de comprobacià ³n. Por otra parte la clara definicià ³n de cuà ¡l es el objetivo que se persigue con la evaluacià ³n constituye un elemento clave para tener en cuenta en la correcta seleccià ³n del criterio evaluativo. Un proyecto puede tener diferentes apreciaciones desde el punto de vista privado y el social. Cualquiera que sea el marco en el que el proyecto està © inserto, siempre serà ¡ posible medir los costos de las distintas alternativas de asignacià ³n de recursos a travà ©s de un criterio econà ³mico que permita, en definitiva, conocer las ventajas y desventajas cualitativas y cuantitativas que implica la asignacià ³n de los recursos escasos a un determinado proyecto de inversià ³n. 2 EL PROCESO DE PREPARACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE PROYECTOS El Estudio del proyecto pretende contestar el interrogante de si es o no conveniente realizar una determinada inversià ³n. El estudio de viabilidad debe simular con el mà ¡ximo de precisià ³n lo que sucederà ­a con el proyecto si este fuera implementado. 2.1 Alcances del estudio de proyectos En tà ©rminos generales, son varios los estudios particulares que deben realizarse para evaluar un proyecto: los de viabilidad comercial, tà ©cnica, legal, organizacional, de impacto ambiental y financiera. Por lo regular, el estudio de una inversià ³n se centra en la viabilidad econà ³mica o financiera, y toma el resto de las variables à ºnicamente como referencia. Estudio de viabilidad comercial: indicara si el mercado es sensible o no al bien producido u ofrecido por el proyecto y la aceptabilidad que tendrà ­a en su consumo o uso, permitiendo determinar la postergacià ³n o rechazo de un proyecto sin tener que asumir los costos que implica un estudio econà ³mico completo. Estudio de viabilidad tà ©cnica: analiza las posibilidades materiales, fà ­sicas o quà ­micas de producir el bien o servicio que desea generarse con el proyecto. Estudio de viabilidad legal: asegurar la existencia o ausencia de restricciones de carà ¡cter legal que impedirà ­an el funcionamiento del proyecto. Estudio de viabilidad organizacional: su objetivo es definir si existen condiciones mà ­nimas necesarias para garantizar la viabilidad de la implementacià ³n, tanto estructural como lo funcional. Estudio de viabilidad financiera: determina su aprobacià ³n o rechazo, mire la rentabilidad que retorna la inversià ³n, medido con base monetaria. Estudio de viabilidad del impacto ambiental: encontrar las normas impuestas en materia de regulacià ³n ambiental para impedir futuros impactos negativos derivados de una eventual compensacià ³n del daà ±o causado por una inversià ³n. 2.2 El estudio de proyecto como proceso cà ­clico El proceso de un proyecto reconoce 4 grandes etapas: idea, preinversià ³n, inversià ³n y operacià ³n. Idea: puede enfrentarse sistemà ¡ticamente bajo una modalidad de gerencia de beneficios, es decir, donde la organizacià ³n està ¡ estructurada operacionalmente bajo un esquema de bà ºsqueda permanente de nuevas ideas de proyectos. Preinversià ³n: se realizan los 3 estudios de viabilidad Perfil: se elabora a partir tanto de la informacià ³n existente, como del juicio comà ºn y de la opinià ³n que da la experiencia. En el estudio del perfil se busca determinar si existe alguna razà ³n que justifique el abandono de una idea antes de que se destinen recursos. Prefactibilidad: profundiza en la investigacià ³n, y se basa en informacià ³n de fuentes secundarias para definir las variables principales referidas al mercado, a las alternativas tà ©cnicas de produccià ³n y a la capacidad financiera de los inversionistas, entre otros. Se caracteriza fundamentalmente por descartar soluciones con mayores elementos de juicio. Como resultado de este estudio, sufre la recomendacià ³n de aprobacià ³n, abandono o postergacià ³n. Factibilidad: se elabora sobre la base de antecedentes precisos obtenidos mayoritariamente a travà ©s de fuentes de informacià ³n primarias. Este estudio constituye el paso final de la etapa de preinversià ³n. El estudio de proyectos, cualquiera que sea la profundidad con que se realice, distingue dos grandes etapas: la de formulacià ³n y preparacià ³n, y la de evaluacià ³n. La primera tiene dos objetivos: definir todas las caracterà ­sticas que tengan algà ºn grado de efecto en el flujo de ingresos y egresos monetarios del proyecto y calcular su magnitud. La segunda etapa, busca determinar la rentabilidad de la inversià ³n en el proyecto. En la etapa de evaluacià ³n, es posible distinguir tres sub-etapas: 1. Medicià ³n de la rentabilidad del proyecto 2. Anà ¡lisis de las variables cualitativas 3. Sensibilizacià ³n del proyecto El anà ¡lisis completo de un proyecto requiere de por lo menos la realizacià ³n de cuatro estudios complementarios: de mercado, tà ©cnico, organizacional-administrativo-legal y financiero. 2.3 Estudio tà ©cnico del proyecto Tiene como objeto proveer informacià ³n para cuantificar el monto de las inversiones y de los costos de operacià ³n pertinentes a esta à ¡rea. Una de sus conclusiones de este estudio es que se deberà ¡ definir la funcià ³n de produccià ³n que optimice el empleo de los recursos disponibles en la produccià ³n del bien o servicio del proyecto. Con este estudio se determinaran los requerimientos de equipos de fà ¡brica para la operacià ³n y el monto de la inversià ³n correspondiente. La descripcià ³n del proceso productivo posibilitarà ¡ conocer las materias primas y los insumos restantes que este demandarà ¡. La definicià ³n del tamaà ±o del proyecto es fundamental para la determinacià ³n de las inversiones y los costos que se derivan del estudio tà ©cnico. Las interrelaciones entre decisiones de carà ¡cter tà ©cnico se complican al tener que combinarse con decisiones derivadas de los restantes estudios particulares del proyecto. 2.4 El estudio de mercado Muchos costos de operacià ³n pueden preverse simulando la situacià ³n futura y especificando las polà ­ticas y los procedimientos que se utilizaran como estrategia comercial. Decisiones como el precio de introduccià ³n, las inversiones para fortalecer una imagen, el acondicionamiento de los locales de venta en funcià ³n de los requerimientos observados en el estudio de los clientes potenciales y las polà ­ticas de crà ©dito recomendadas por el mismo estudio, pueden constituirse en variables pertinentes para el resultado de la evaluacià ³n. Metodolà ³gicamente se deben estudiar 4 aspectos: a) El consumidor y las demandas del mercado y del proyecto, actuales y proyectadas. El anà ¡lisis del consumidor tiene por objeto caracterizar a los consumidores actuales y potenciales, identificando sus preferencias, hà ¡bitos de consumo, motivaciones, etc., para obtener un perfil sobre el cual pueda basarse la estrategia comercial. El anà ¡lisis de la demanda cuantifica el volumen de bienes o servicios que el consumidor podrà ­a adquirir de la produccià ³n del proyecto. b) La competencia y las ofertas del mercado y del proyecto, actuales y proyectadas. El estudio de la competencia es fundamental ya que la estrategia que se defina para el proyecto puede ser indiferente a esta. Es preciso conocer las estrategias que sigue la competencia para aprovechar sus ventajas y evitar sus desventajas. c) La comercializacià ³n del producto o servicio generado por el proyecto Deben tomarse decisiones sobre polà ­ticas de ventas y de crà ©dito, intereses, precio, canales de distribucià ³n, marca, estrategia publicitaria, inversiones en creacià ³n de la imagen, etc. d) Proveedores y la disponibilidad y el precio de los insumos, actuales y proyectados. Se debe determinar la disponibilidad de insumos y el precio que debe pagarse para su abastecimiento. 2.5 El estudio organizacional-administrativo-legal Para cada proyecto es posible definir la estructura organizativa que mà ¡s se adapte a los requerimientos de su posterior operacià ³n. Conocer esta estructura es fundamental para definir las necesidades de personal calificado para la gestià ³n y por tanto, estimar con mayor precisià ³n los costos indirectos de la mano de obra ejecutiva. La decisià ³n de desarrollar internamente actividades que pudieran subcontratarse influye directamente en los costos por la mayor cantidad de personal que pudiera necesitarse, la mayor inversià ³n en oficinas y equipamiento y el mayor costo en materiales y otros insumos. Los aspectos legales pueden restringir la localizacià ³n y obligar a mayores costos de transporte, o bien pueden otorgar franquicias para incentivar el desarrollo de determinadas zonas geogrà ¡ficas donde el beneficio que obtendrà ­a el proyecto superarà ­a los mayores costos de transporte. Uno de los efectos mà ¡s directos de los factores legales y reglamentarios se refiere a los aspectos tributarios. 2.6 El estudio financiero Sus objetivos son: ordenar y sistematizar la informacià ³n de carà ¡cter monetario que proporcionan las etapas anteriores, elaborar los cuadros analà ­ticos y datos adicionales para la evaluacià ³n del proyecto y evaluar los antecedentes para determinar la rentabilidad. La sistematizacià ³n de la informacià ³n financiera consiste en identificar y ordenar todos los à ­tems de inversiones, costos e ingresos que puedan deducirse de los estudios previos. Los ingresos de operacià ³n se deducen de la informacià ³n de precios y demanda proyectada, calculados en el estudio de mercado, de las condiciones de venta, de las estimaciones de venta de residuos y del cà ¡lculo de ingresos por venta de equipos cuyo reemplazo esta previsto durante el periodo de evaluacià ³n del proyecto, segà ºn antecedentes que pudieran derivarse de los estudios tà ©cnicos, organizacional y de mercado. Los costos de operacià ³n se calculan con la informacià ³n de prà ¡cticamente todos los estudios anteriores. La evaluacià ³n del proyecto se realiza sobre la estimacià ³n del flujo de caja de los costos y beneficios. El resultado de la evolucià ³n se mide por medio de distintos criterios que, mà ¡s que operativos, son complementarios entre sà ­. 2.7 El estudio del impacto ambiental Se sugiere introducir en la evaluacià ³n de proyectos las normas ISO 14,000 las cuales consisten en una serie de procedimientos asociados con dar a los consumidores una mejora ambiental continua de los productos y servicios que proporcionara la inversià ³n, asociada con los menores costos futuro de una eventual reparacià ³n de los daà ±os causados sobre el medio ambiente. La gestià ³n del impacto ambiental se tiende a la bà ºsqueda de un proceso continuo de mejoramiento ambiental de toda la cadena de produccià ³n. El estudio de impacto ambiental como parte de la evaluacià ³n econà ³mica de un proyecto no ha sido lo suficientemente tratado, aunque se observan avances sustanciales en el à ºltimo tiempo. Una tipologà ­a de estudios de impacto ambiental permite identificar tres tipos: 1. Cualitativos: identifica, analizan y explican los impactos positivos y negativos que podrà ­a causar al ambiente la implementacià ³n del proyecto. 2. Cualitativo numà ©ricos: relaciona factores de ponderacià ³n en escala de valores numà ©ricos a las variables ambientales. 3. Cuantitativos: determinan tanto los costos asociados con las medidas de mitigacià ³n total o parcial como los daà ±os evitados, incluyendo ambos efectos dentro de los flujos de caja proyectados. Existen distintos mà ©todos que permiten incorporar el factor monetario al efecto ambiental: a) Mà ©todo de valoracià ³n contingente: busca determinar la disposicià ³n a pagar de las personas por los beneficios que se espera produzca el proyecto. b) Mà ©todo del costo evitado: considera que el costo asociado con una externalidad debe ser asumido por el proyecto que la ocasiona, para lo cual incorpora dentro de los costos el gasto de subsanar el daà ±o causado o, dentro de los beneficios, el costo que la inversià ³n evitarà ­a al resto de la comunidad. c) Mà ©todo de los precios hedà ³nicos: busca determinar todos los atributos de un bien que podrà ­a explicar el precio que las personas està ¡n dispuestas a pagar por el. Alcance del estudio: El estudio deberà ­a incluir todos los peligros, riesgos e impactos asociados con las personas, el medio ambiente, la comunidad del entorno y los bienes fà ­sicos donde se inserta el proyecto. 3 ESTRUCTURA ECONÓMICA DEL MERCADO El mercado està ¡ conformado por la totalidad de los compradores y vendedores potenciales del producto o servicio que se vaya a elaborar segà ºn el proyecto. La investigacià ³n de mercado entrega informacià ³n histà ³rica y actual tanto del comportamiento de los consumidores, proveedores, competidores, como de los canales de distribucià ³n para la comercializacià ³n del producto del proyecto. 3.1 Estructura de mercado El ambiente competitivo en que se desenvolverà ¡ el proyecto puede adquirir una de las siguientes formas generales: 1. Competencia perfecta: se caracteriza porque en el mercado de un determinado producto existen muchos compradores y vendedores que no pueden influir en el precio; el producto es idà ©ntico y homogà ©neo; existe movilidad perfecta de los recursos; no hay barreras de entrada o salida y los agentes econà ³micos està ¡n perfectamente informados de las condiciones del mercado. 2. Monopolio: un solo proveedor vende un producto para el que no hay sustitutos perfectos, y las dificultades para ingresar a esa industria son grandes. 3. Competencia monopà ³lica: existen numerosos vendedores de un producto diferenciado y, en el largo plazo, no hay dificultades para entrar o salid de la industria. 4. Oligopolio: hay pocos vendedores de un producto homogà ©neo o diferenciado y el ingreso o salida de la industria es posible pero con dificultades. 4 EL ESTUDIO DE MERCADO El concepto de estudio de mercado se identifica con la definicià ³n del precio al que los consumidores està ¡n dispuestos a comprar, como a la demanda. Los objetivos particulares del estudio de mercado serà ¡n ratificar la posibilidad real de colocar el producto o servicio que elaborarà ­a el proyecto en el mercado, conocer los canales de comercializacià ³n que usan o podrà ­an usarse en la comercializacià ³n de ellos, determinar la magnitud de la demanda que podrà ­a esperarse y conocer la composicià ³n, las caracterà ­sticas y la ubicacià ³n de los potenciales consumidores. 4.1 El mercado del proyecto Al estudiar el mercado de u proyecto es preciso reconocer los agentes que, con su actuacià ³n, tendrà ¡n algà ºn grado de influencia sobre las decisiones que se tomarà ¡n al definir su estrategia comercial. En este sentido son cinco los submercados que se reconocerà ¡n al realizar un estudio de factibilidad: proveedor, competidor, distribuidor, consumidor y externo. Mercado Proveedor: Deberà ¡n estudiarse todas las alternativas de obtencià ³n de materias primas, asà ­ como sus costos, condiciones de compra, sustitutos, durabilidad, necesidad de infraestructura especial para bodegaje, oportunidad y demoras en la recepcià ³n, disponibilidad, seguridad en recepcià ³n, etc. Es necesario conocer las proyecciones a futuro. Mercado Competidor: Se debe tener en cuenta que cuando la materia prima es escasa o los medios de transporte son escasos la competencia por ellos serà ¡ prioritaria. El mercado competidor directo son las empresas que elaboran y venden productos similares a los del proyecto. Es imprescindible conocer la estrategia comercial que à ©stas desarrollen para enfrentar la mejor manera su competencia en el mercado consumidor. El mercado distribuidor: es el que requiere un menor nà ºmero de variables pero no es menos importante. La disponibilidad de un sistema que garantice la entrega oportuna de los productos al consumidor es sumamente importante. Uno de los factores mà ¡s importantes son los costos de distribucià ³n y son los que determinan el precio al que llegarà ¡ el producto al consumidor y por lo tanto la demanda que deberà ¡ enfrentar el proyecto. El mercado consumidor: es probablemente el que mà ¡s tiempo requiere para su estudio. La complejidad del consumidor hace que se tornen imprescindibles varios estudios especà ­ficos sobre à ©l, ya que asà ­ podrà ¡n definirse diversos efectos sobre la composicià ³n del flujo de caja del proyecto. Se deben definir los hà ¡bitos y motivaciones de compra para definir tanto al consumidor real como al potencial. Mercado externo: recurrir a fuentes externas de abastecimiento de materias primas obliga a consideraciones y estudios especiales que se diferencian del abastecimiento en el mercado local. Ninguno de estos mercados puede analizarse exclusivamente sobre la base de lo ya existente. Siempre podrà ¡ haber proveedores que la competencia directa no haya tenido en cuenta o competidores potenciales que hoy no lo son, o nuevos sistemas de distribucià ³n no utilizados, e incluso mercados consumidores no cubiertos hasta el momento. 4.2 Objetivos del estudio de mercado Para fines de la preparacià ³n del proyecto, el estudio de cada una de las variables que se seà ±alaron en el apartado anterior, va dirigido principalmente a la recopilacià ³n de informacià ³n de carà ¡cter econà ³mico que repercuta en la composicià ³n del flujo de cada del proyecto. El objetivo del estudio del mercado como la reunià ³n de antecedentes para determinar su influencia en el flujo de caja, cada actividad del mismo deberà ¡ justificarse por proveer informacià ³n para calcular algà ºn à ­tem de inversià ³n, de costos de operacià ³n o de ingreso. Al existir opciones entre las cuales elegir, el estudio de mercado tambià ©n deberà ¡ analizar el entorno en el cual se mueve cada uno de los mercados para definir la estrategia comercial mà ¡s adecuada a la realidad en donde deberà ¡ situarse el proyecto una vez implementado. 4.3 Etapas del estudio de mercado Se definen 3 etapas: 1. Anà ¡lisis Histà ³rico: pretende lograr dos objetivos especà ­ficos: reunir informacià ³n de carà ¡cter estadà ­stico que pueda servir y evaluar el resultado de algunas decisiones tomadas por otros agentes del mercado, para identificar los efectos positivos o negativos que se lograron. 2. Anà ¡lisis de la situacià ³n vigente: es importante, porque es la base de cualquier prediccià ³n. Sin embargo, su importancia relativa es baja, ya que difà ­cilmente permitirà ¡ usar la informacià ³n para algo mà ¡s que eso. Esto se debe a que, por ser permanente la evolucià ³n del mercado puede tener cambios situacionales cuando el proyecto se està © implementando. 3. Anà ¡lisis de la situacià ³n proyectada: este es el que realmente tiene interà ©s el preparador y evaluador del proyecto. Los otros dos anà ¡lisis permiten proyectar una situacià ³n suponiendo el mantenimiento de un orden de cosas que con la sola implementacià ³n del proyecto se deberà ¡ modificar. Esto obliga a que en la situacià ³n proyectada se diferencie la situacià ³n futura sin el proyector y luego con la participacià ³n de à ©l, para concluir con la nueva definicià ³n del mercado. 6 ESTIMACIÓN DE COSTOS La estimacià ³n de los costos futuros constituye uno de los principales aspectos centrales del trabajo del evaluador, tanto por la importancia de ellos en la determinacià ³n de la rentabilidad del proyecto, como por la variedad de elementos sujetos a valorizacià ³n como desembolsos del proyecto. 6.6 Elementos relevantes de costos Aunque es posible, en tà ©rminos genà ©ricos, clasificar ciertos à ­tems de costos como relevantes, solo el examen exhaustivo de aquellos que influyen en el proyecto posibilitarà ¡ catalogarlos correctamente. Para identificar las diferencias inherentes a las alternativas, es recomendable que previamente se establezcan las funciones de costos de cada una de ellas. De su comparacià ³n resultarà ¡ la eliminacià ³n para efectos del estudio, de los costos inaplicables. Si hubiera que dirigir el estudio de las diferencias de costos, los siguientes deberà ­an considerarse como prioritarios: * Variaciones en los està ¡ndares de materia prima * Tasa de salario y requerimientos de personal para la operacià ³n directa * Necesidades de supervisià ³n e inspeccià ³n * Combustible y energà ­a * Volumen de produccià ³n y precio de venta * Desperdicio o mermas * Valor de adquisicià ³n * Valor residual del equipo en cada aà ±o de su vida à ºtil restante * Impuestos y seguros * Mantenimiento y reparaciones Es necesario insistir sobre el costo de oportunidad externo a las alternativas que pudiera repercutir de manera diferente en cada una de ellas. Todos los costos deben considerarse en tà ©rminos reales para lo cual debe incorporarse el factor tiempo. 6.11 Costos Contables Aunque en la preparacià ³n del proyecto deben considerase los costos efectivos y no los contables, estos à ºltimos son importantes para determinar la magnitud de los impuestos a las utilidades. Como el fisco no puede ir revisando el grado de deterioro de cada activo del paà ­s, define una pà ©rdida de valor promedio anual para activos similares, que denomina depreciacià ³n. La depreciacià ³n no constituye un egreso de caja pero es posible restarlo de los ingresos para reducir la utilidad y con ellos los impuestos. El preparador del proyecto debe velar por recoger en detalle la normativa legar que condicionarà ¡ la estimacià ³n de los tributos. El termino depreciacià ³n se utiliza para referirse a la pà ©rdida contable de valor de activos fijos. El mismo concepto referido a un activo intangible o nominal se denomina amortizacià ³n del activo intangible. La utilidad negativa, en el anà ¡lisis incremental, no significa necesariamente pà ©rdida, sino reduccià ³n de utilidad. Por eso, en el anà ¡lisis incremental, en vez de asociar cero impuestos a una utilidad negativa, se considerarà ¡ un ahorro de costo equivalente a ese porcentaje. Un proyecto de mejora que reduzca los costos de la empresa deberà ¡ considerar que el aumento, menos que proporcional, en las utilidades està ¡ asociado con un aumento en el impuesto que debe pagar. El costo de una deuda tambià ©n es deducible de impuestos y tiene un impacto tributario positivo que debe incluirse en el flujo de caja cuando se busca medir la rentabilidad de los recursos propios invertidos en un proyecto. Para calcular el impacto tributario de una deuda, se debe descomponer el monto total del servicio de la deuda en dos partes: Amortizacià ³n: corresponde a una devolucià ³n del prà ©stamo, y por tanto, no constituye un costo, ni està ¡ afecta a impuestos. Intereses: es un gasto financiero de similar comportamiento al arrendamiento de cualquier activo y està ¡ afecta a impuestos. 7 ANTECEDENTES ECONÓMICOS DEL ESTUDIO TÉCNICO Las diferencias de cada proyecto en su ingenierà ­a hacen muy complejo generalizar un procedimiento de anà ¡lisis que sea à ºtil a todos ellos. Sin embargo, es posible desarrollar un sistema de ordenacià ³n, clasificacià ³n y presentacià ³n de la informacià ³n econà ³mica derivada del estudio tà ©cnico. 7.1 Alcances del estudio de Ingenierà ­a El estudio de ingenierà ­a del proyecto debe llegar a determinar la funcià ³n de produccià ³n à ³ptima para la utilizacià ³n eficiente y eficaz de los recursos disponibles para la produccià ³n del bien o servicio deseado. De la seleccià ³n del proceso productivo à ³ptimo se derivarà ¡n las necesidades de equipo y maquinaria; de la determinacià ³n de su disposicià ³n en planta (layout) y del estudio de los requerimientos del personal que los operen, asà ­ como de su movilidad, podrà ­an definirse las necesidades de espacio y obras fà ­sicas. El cà ¡lculo de los costos de operacià ³n de mano de obra, insumos diversos, reparaciones, mantenimiento y otros se obtendrà ¡ directamente del estudio del proceso productivo seleccionado. 7.2 Proceso de Produccià ³n El proceso de produccià ³n se define como la forma en que una serie de insumos se transforman en productos mediante la participacià ³n de una determinada tecnologà ­a. Los distintos tipos de procesos productivos pueden clasificarse en funcià ³n de su flujo productivo: a) En serie: cuando ciertos productos, cuyo diseà ±o bà ¡sico es relativamente estable en el tiempo, y que està ¡n destinados a un gran mercado, permiten su produccià ³n para existencias. b) Por pedido: la produccià ³n sigue secuencias diferentes, que hacen necesaria su flexibilizacià ³n, a travà ©s de mano de obra y equipos suficientemente maleables para adaptarse a las caracterà ­sticas del pedido. c) Por proyecto: corresponde a un producto complejo de carà ¡cter à ºnico que, con tareas bien definidas en tà ©rminos de recursos y plazos, da origen, normalmente, a un estudio de factibilidad completo. 7.3 Efectos econà ³micos de la ingenierà ­a Las necesidades de inversià ³n en obra fà ­sica se determinan principalmente en funcià ³n de la distribucià ³n de los equipos productivos en el espacio fà ­sico (layout). Serà ¡ preciso considerar posibles ampliaciones futuras. La distribucià ³n en planta debe evitar los flujos innecesarios de materiales, productos en proceso o terminados, personal, etc. Los cà ¡lculos de requerimientos de obra fà ­sica para la planta, mas los estudios de và ­as de acceso, circulacià ³n, bodegas, estacionamientos, à ¡reas verdes, ampliaciones proyectadas y otros, serà ¡n algunos de los factores determinantes en la definicià ³n del tamaà ±o y las caracterà ­sticas del terreno. La relacià ³n entre costos de operacià ³n e inversià ³n serà ¡ mayor cuanto menos intensiva en capital sea la tecnologà ­a. En muchos casos, el estudio tà ©cnico debe proporcionar informacià ³n financiera relativa a ingresos de operacià ³n; es el caso de los equipos y las maquinarias que se deben reemplazar y que al ser dados de baja permiten su venta. En otros casos, los ingresos se generan por la renta de subproductos, como el desecho derivado de la elaboracià ³n de envases de hojalata, que se vende como chatarra. 7.4 Economà ­as de escala Para medir la capacidad para competir debe estimarse el costo fabril de los distintos niveles de capacidad de produccià ³n. Para ello, se debe definir los componentes mà ¡s relevantes del costo: consumo de materias primas y materiales, utilizacià ³n de mano de obra, mantenimiento y gastos fabriles en general. El costo fabril ya definido debe compararse con la capacidad de produccià ³n y el monto de la inversià ³n, a esta relacià ³n se le denomina â€Å"masa crà ­tica tà ©cnica†. Al relacionar el costo unitario de operacià ³n (P) con la capacidad de la planta (C), dado un nà ºmero de unidades de producto pro unidad de tiempo, resulta una expresià ³n de la siguiente forma: P2P1=C2C1-a Donde a es el factor de volumen. Costo unitario de operacià ³n frente a la capacidad Al relacional el costo en equipos por unidad de capacidad (Q), tenemos Q2Q1=C2C1-b Costo distribuido de los equipos por unidad de capacidad Al relacionar la capacidad (C) con la inversià ³n total (I) tenemos: I2I1=C2C1f Donde f es el factor de volumen Costo de adquisicià ³n asoc

Effect of Fertiliser on Fruits and Plants | Experiment

Effect of Fertiliser on Fruits and Plants | Experiment Presentation of analysis and discussion Evaluation of the effect of particular fertiliser on bell peppers fruits and plants size between treated or non-treated bell peppers plants. Three Dataset were provided by Harper Adams University (HAU) (The data is available on the learning hub portal of HAU site https://hub.harper- adams.ac.uk/ moodle/course/view.php?id= 4030) during the experimental design and analysis module (November 2016). From three dataset we investigated the effect of specific fertilizer on plant and fruit size of bell peppers (treated or non-treated)in the green house. To test the hypothesis that: plant and fruit size in treated bell peppers are to be higher than in non-treated, Ancova was conducted to determine a statistically significant difference between the size of plants and fruit of bell peppers (treated or non-treated) in the glasshouse. The result showed that there were no significant interaction between plant size and treatments (P: 0.49), although in Fig.1, the treated plants were larger than non-treated plants (t=5.502, d.f=56, P Treated and non- treated bell peppers in glasshouse were not different enough to reject the hypothesis thus adding a particular fertiliser or not, it doesnt substantial effects on bell pepper yield. However, environment condition such as temperature, humid, and details of specific fertiliserand time of light were excluded from analysis and hence can effect on our statistic result. Also disease and pest can may efficacy on plants for taking nutrients from soil for growing so these factors must be considered for further research. It may be better to evaluate the nutritional contains in compost on agricultural soil or greenhouse soils because increasing heavy metal can have a counter-effect on the soil. Horn et al., 2003 indicated that the enhancement of the use of CSS (Composted sewage sludge) on agriculture soils which contain nutritional and heavy metal may effect on soil must consider on optimisation of this compost on agricultural plots .(ZZZ) Fig 1. The relationship between Fruit size and plant size of bell peppers in the glasshouse.   Ã‚   An Experimental Protocol The effect of poultry and animal manures on growth characteristics of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in green house Location (place of Carrying of the experiment) This experiment would be provided by Harper Adams University in Experimental design and analysis module, from September till November of 2017 to investigate the comparative effect of four manures including chicken, sheep, pig and mix manure on the growth Performance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants and fruits weight in the greenhouse Aim and Objective Testing the efficacy of four manures on vegetation growth and fruit size of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) growth in the greenhouse. Null hypothesis H0: this research is to test that all fertilisers would have the same effect on fruit and plants growth. PLANTS MATERIAL We would prefer to use Tomato for our research. Tomato is a significant vegetable which is grown in worldwide. It provides vitamins, minerals and it can increase the income of the tomato producer because of its high demands for cooking and other productions (Ojeniyi et al., 2005). Preparation of the land The experiment will be organized on a Randomised Complete Block Design (R C B D). This design would be use to control variation in an experiment by accounting for spatial effects in field or greenhouse. In this Design, each block will have different treatments but not the same treatment also the number of blocks is the number of replications. In this experiment there will be four treatment, and the treatments will be replicated four times (four block). The total land area would be1 approximately 8000m ². Eighteen beds with the size of 2.5 x 2.5meters will be used .The gap between each planted crop is 1m as well as between the blocks. Each bed will carry four transplantation plants (Figure 1). Treatments Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is broadly used in the agricultural production hence, sustainable energy forms and decreasing the costs of fertiliser has led to use organic manures (Odedina et al., 2011). The high amount of organic wastes such as pig and poultry manures which contain nutrients can be the efficient source for vegetables (Adediran et al., 2003) therefor the treatments for this research are: 1: 60 ml/m ² chicken manure 2: 60 ml/m ² sheep manure 3: 60 ml/m ² Pig manure. 4: 60 ml/m ² mixed manure (NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium) Fertiliser and pig manure (50:50)) Data collocation We will obtain four measurements including Tomato length (mm), leaf number, stem diameter (cm) and plant height (cm). These measurements will be collected and collated into a data file. The analysis of soil has been deposited before planting, and manure was also taken for chemical and physical applications. All treatments at the rate of approximately 60 ml/m ² will apply on the soil during the bed preparation for each row of tomato transplants. During their growth, the tomato plants will be kept in a constant temperature. Weeding would be done for all the plants and also irrigation will be apply to all tomatoes in the greenhouse every day. Figure 1. The experiment Design Block1 1 2 4 3 Block 2 2 1 3 4 Block 3 4 3 1 2 Block 4 3 4 2 1 During the growth of plants, two plants per bed will randomly be selected for growth determination. The number of leaves, plants height and stem diameter, will be evaluated. Also during harvesting, the weight of fruits per two selected plants will be determined and accumulated. Statistical analysis The data collected in the experiment will statistically analysis with R version 3.3.2 (R Development Core Team). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) would be done on every measured parameters to determine the significance of differences between means of treatments. Means for each parameter will be separated by the least significant difference (LSD) test. Results Leaves number The results of the experiment will show a significant difference in leaves number amongst treatment during growth of tomatoes. The highest number of leaves will be recorded for mixed manure throughout the growth period. After that, pig manure will give more number of leaves compare to the other manures which would show fewer leaves. Plant height The result will demonstrated that the plants height will be increase in all our treatments until the end of the December however on November mixed manure treatment increase growth more significantly than other treatments until the end of the month. Plant stem diameter   Measuring stem diameter would indicate that the highest plant stem diameter will be observe when pig and mixed manure is apply. However other treatments would show no significant difference in the growth stage compare to each other. Fruit weight Pig manure will show the highest number of fruits among other treatments however mixed manure would show larger fruit compare to the Pig manure in green house. Also there will not be any remarkable difference in fruits weight in other treatments. Discussion These results present that pig manure and mixed manure would provide the highest fruit weight, number of leaves, and plant stem diameter and height compar to other treatments however mixed manure might effect more than pig manure on tomato growth. Therefor this would indicate that mixed manure might be more effective compared to the other treatments on tomato plants. Although some researcher reported that pig manure can be more effective than mixed manure, Ojeniyi et al 2005 informed that in cereal crops such as corn, pig manure can improve soil nutrients and may increase grain yield compare to other manures. Also they relised that using pig manures more efficacy compare to the goat manure for improving and increasing the yield of okra .however Giwa and Ojeniyi 2004 pointed out that combining mixed manure such as pig or poultry manure with NPK fertiliser may improve the yield of tomatoes more than applying pig or poultry manure on plants individually. The same result supported by Ade kiya and Agbede 2009 in their research Growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) as influenced by poultry manure and NPK fertilizer This conclusion is still uncertain and requires further in-depth studies specifically. May be better to consider other factors such as, disease, pest, soil nutrient, amount of the received light and various tomato Species. Also the amount of used fertiliser and number of replicate may effect the acquired result. References Adediran, J., Taiwo, L. and Sobulo, R. 2003. Organic wastes and their effect on tomato (lycopersicum esculentus) yield. African Soils, 33 pp. 99-116. Adekiya, A. and Agbede, T. 2009. Growth and yield of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill) as influenced by poultry manure and NPK fertilizer. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 21 (1), pp. 10-20. Giwa, D. and Ojeniyi, S. 2004. Proceeding 29th conference of soil science society of nigeria, UNAAB, abeokuta Horn, A. L., Dà ¼ring, R. and Gà ¤th, S. 2003. Comparison of decision support systems for an optimised application of compost and sewage sludge on agricultural land based on heavy metal accumulation in soil. Science of the Total Environment, 311 (1), pp. 35-48. Odedina, J., Ojeniyi, S. and Odedina, S. 2011. Comparative effect of animal manures on soil nutrients status and performance of cassava. Nigerian Journal of Soil Science, 21 (1), pp. 58-63. Ojeniyi, S. and Adejobi, S. 2005. Proceedings 39th conference of agricultural society of nigeria, benin city

IF - a victim of its own success :: essays research papers

IF it is true that familiarity breeds contempt, it would explain the contradictions that surround Rudyard Kipling's famous poem If-. On the one hand it is one of the most popular and best-known poems in the English language. On the other this enormous popularity has done it a disservice. For instance, despite appearing in many anthologies of verse, If- is excluded from The New Oxford Book of English Verse. Instead, editor Helen Gardner selects Kipling's Mandalay, Danny Deever, Cities and Thrones and Powers, The Way through the Woods, and the imperialistic Recessional. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936), poet, short-story writer and novelist, was born in Bombay. He was sent to England to be educated, and then returned to India at the age of 17, where he rapidly made a name for himself as a superb journalist and caustic observer of Anglo- Indian society. He returned to England in 1889, where he achieved celebrity status with his poems of army life, Barrack-Room Ballads (1892), which established him as an unofficial spokesman for the then much-despised British soldier, and for the British Empire. From this period until his death, Kipling's reputation was to vary according to the political climate. Kipling was inclined to be crudely chauvinistic, and to display unpleasant arrogance towards peoples ruled by or hostile to Britain, though he also emphasised British responsibility for the welfare of the governed peoples. Be that as it may, it is interesting to note that his most enduringly popular works are two of his children's books, The Jungle Book (1894-5) and the Just So Stories (1902), the latter of which Kipling illustrated himself. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907. Kipling's poetry is striking for its success in using, vividly and musically, popular forms of speech such as the dramatic monologue and ballad tradition. He was also able to write poetry appropriate for public occasions and capable of stirring the feelings of a large public. His poetry is generally simple in its components but, when it rises above the level of doggerel, strong in its impact. It needs to be read in selection. Which brings us back to If-. The poem first appeared in Kipling's less celebrated children's book Rewards and Fairies (1910). Apart from its over-quoted opening lines `If you can keep your head when all about you/Are losing theirs and blaming it on you', its most memorable lines are in the final stanza:

Hitlers Weltanschauung (world View) :: essays research papers fc

In the early quarter of the twentieth century, a young man was beginning to fill his mind with ideas of a unification of all Germanic countries. That young man was Adolf Hitler, and what he learned in his youth would surface again as he struggled to become the leader of this movement. Hitler formed views of countries and even certain cities early in his life, those views often affecting his dictation of foreign policy as he grew older. What was Hitler's view of the world before the Nazi Party came to power? Based in large part on incidents occurring in his boyhood, Hitler's view included the belief that Jews should be eliminated, and that European countries were merely pawns for him to use in his game of world dominion.Adolf Hitler grew up the son of a respectable imperial customhouse official, who refused to let his son do what he was most interested in-art. Hitler never excelled in school, and took interest only in art, gymnastics and a casual interest in geography and history due to a liking he had taken to his teacher. It was his history teacher who would fill Adolf's mind with a simple thought: "The day will come, that all of us, of German descent, will once more belong to one mighty Teutonic nation that will stretch from the Mediterranean to the Baltic, just like the Empire of the Middle Ages, and that will stand supreme among the peoples of this earth." Already the young Adolf could envision himself in such a position.Much of the ideology that Adolf Hitler used was not original by any means. There were many thinkers and writers who laid the groundwork for what would become not just Hitler's, but the Nazi Party's Weltanschauung (world view). Three primary writers were Dietrich Eckart, editor of a harshly anti-Semitic periodical, Auf gut deutsch (Agd), Alfred Rosenberg, a Baltic German and contributor to Agd, and Gottfried Feder, an opponent of finance capitalism. These three men molded the political outlook of the German Worker's Party before Hitler encountered it in 1919, and would become quite influential in Adolf's ideology. Rosenberg contributed largely to Hitler's view of the Jews on an international perspective, suggesting the existence of a Jewish conspiracy to overthrow established nation-states on a worldwide scale. In 1924, Hitler proclaimed that he had departed from Vienna as an absolute anti-Semitic, a deadly enemy of the whole Marxist outlook, and as a Pan-German in his political persuasion.

Character Sketch of The Sniper :: Sniper

Character Sketch of The Sniper War. Death. Pain. Anger and remorse. None are pleasantries, but all are faced and handled every day. In Liam O'Flaherty's "The Sniper," all of these things are brought to an acute reality. To aid in his creation of such emotional conflict, O'Flaherty portrayed the sniper as a very controversial character. We can see this contrast in personality by looking at appearance, actions, and thoughts. "...the face of a student, thin and ascetic,...eyes had the cold gleam of the fanatic." And so the sniper is described in a physical sense. Upon looking at the meaning of the words, we find an unexpected conflict of definition. O'Flaherty writes that the sniper's face is "that of a student." We think young, and vibrant. However, to describe his meaning, he goes on to say that his face is both "thin and ascetic." Also, gaunt, and displaying self-discipline; both qualities carried more so in adults than students. Also, it is stated that the sniper had "the eyes of a man who is used to looking at death." One might imagine an older man, who has lived through many-a-war and seen lives lost. These three descriptions show that the sniper was older than his years in appearance, as well as emotionally. The snipers' actions also are cause to believe that he is more than meets the eye. In the story, the sniper considers lighting a cigarette. "It was dangerous...he decided to take the risk." One's knowledge that something is dangerous and then their persistence to carry out the action shows a true daredevil. A characteristic of the "student" in him mentioned earlier. Another, much different, action of the sniper's is the need to discover who he killed. After the remorse of the crime committed, the sniper proceeds to investigate his enemy's identity. "...felt a sudden curiosity as to the identity of the enemy sniper..." This shows that the sniper did, in fact, have a streak of humaneness and care in him. A very different mood from the daredevil. Lastly, the way the sniper thinks reveals much about his character. When he is considering means of escape, he comes up with a plan to trick the enemy sniper into believing he himself was dead.

Relflection Paper on Interpreter as an Gatekeeper in Medical Discourse

Reflection Paper of Critiquing Translating and Interpreting Presentation Name: Rizqi Fauziah Std Number: 0807532 Class: 7B The Interpreter as Institutional Gatekeeper: The Social-Linguistic Role of Interpreters in Spanish-English Medical Discourse This reflection essay will discuss the written report of the group presentation on chapter entitled The Interpreter as Institutional Gatekeeper: The Social-Linguistic Role of Interpreters in Spanish-English Medical Discourse written by Brad Davidson. This will include how to build group discussion, the material presented, class discussion, and the conclusion. The data are taken from the work of Baker (2010). A couple weeks before the presentation was held, the group which consists of four members started to discuss the material that will be presented. The discussion was conducted three times meetings. Each member of the group should read all the material before the first meeting was held. In the first meeting, the group divided the material to each member of the group, thus, every member would have more focus on the material given. The second meeting, we discussed our understanding on the each material given, then, we made power point slide presentation. In the last meetings, still, we shared our understanding about the topic and had a rehearsal presentation. This chapter talks about how the interpreter’s role is in medical discourse based on Brad Davidson’s study and detailed analysis entitled The Social-Linguistic Role of Interpreters in Spanish-English Medical Discourse. In the Davidson’s study, there were found examples of the way in which the interpreters tend to align themselves with the institutions and to strengthen institutional voice, often at the expense of the voice of participants (Baker, 2010). In this case, the institutional setting is hospital and participant is the patient. I’m interested in the quotation ‘interpreters are the most powerful people in medical conversation’ which is made by head of interpreting service at a major private U. S. hospital in May 1999. What I understand from this quotation is that the interpreters who have control in the conversation. They are as a key in conversation because they connect the doctor and the patient in order to gain the conversational goals. As mentioned by Davidson (Baker, 2010 p. 154): â€Å"Interpreter acts as he point of negotiation and exchange between the social context inhabited by the physician and the patient† Historically, most analysis has been based on oral model of translation which most analysis of interpretation has focused on monologues as suggested by Davidson in Baker (2010, p. 155). Furthermore, the interpreters are seen as conduits, not conversational participant. In contrast, rece ntly, the interpreters do not only conveying the message, but they shape and, and in some very real sense, create those messages in the name those for whom they speak (Baker, 2010 p. 56). Moreover, the interpreter is always placed in contested are between being provides of a service and being agent of authority and control (Baker,2010 p. 156). The structured interaction between the patients, the physician, and the interpreter is called medical discourse or medical interview. Davidson’s study of medical discourse was conducted at General Medicine Clinic (GMC) of Riverview General Hospital in spring and summer 1996. According to Davidson in Baker (2010), the data collection concerned on the way in which the hospital-based interpreters were used in clinic, the interpreter’s presence in helping to shape the course and content of interview and the way interpreter mediated the clash of goals between the achievement of institutional goals and goals held by the patient. The data are collected from observation of over 100 patients’ visits, 50 of which were observed and audio taped. The research questions that are asked by Davidson are: 1. What the role of interpreter within the goal-oriented? . What is the interpretative habit? And how does one engage in the practice of interpreting? 3. If the interpreters are not neutral, do they challenge the authority of the physician judge, and act as patients’ ambassadors, or do they reinforce the institutional authority of physician? During the study, Davidson said that the scarcity of time become the factor of the patient in medical intervie w. It is because the patients who used interpreter often were left alone for sometimes an hour while they waited for the interpreter to arrive (Baker, 2010 p. 60). Moreover, Davidson said that the interpreters are possibly conducted the interview with the patient before the physician arrived (Baker, 2010 p. 160). They took a charge of physician’s position by asking questions the patient about the illness before they convey it to the physician. This affects the process of elaborating a Chief Complaint from patient which becomes shorter. Besides, the interpreters also would occasionally go so far as to conduct the initial portions of the interviews itself. According to Davidson in Baker (2010, p. 64) the interferences of interpreter in medical interview create harms for the physician. For instance, in case of English-speaking physician who had a Spanish speaking patient, most the direct questions that directed to physician were answered by the interpreter. This treatment is app arently an attempt to keep the patient ‘on track’, but this makes a threat to the physician’s authority within the interview. This habitual action done by the interpreter might be viewed as a move to insulate the physician. Keeping the patient on track also led a loss of patient complaint in conversational. It affects that patient’s complain will left undiagnosed and untreated. In contrast with the patient without interpreting, their complaints were diagnosed and treated because there was no interference from the interpreter. In this case, the interpreter sometimes edited the wholesale complaint of the patient in order to keep the interview ‘on track’ and sometimes to protect the physician and the institution of hospital. However, this makes un-tracks the achievement of the institutional goals (diagnosis and treatment) of interview itself. After explaining the material, 3 classmates asked some questions. The first question came from Riska K. R who asked ‘ is there any justification for medical interpretation to have a tendency to support a medical institution instead of the patient? ’ we agreed to answer that yes, there is justification in which the interpreter supports the medical institution. It is because the role of the interpreter itself is as an institutional gatekeeper. The interpreters are paid by the hospital (the institution), thus, they support the institutional. The second question came from Rendriawan who asked ‘please explain the sentence â€Å"the interpreter also interpret selectively, and appear to do so in a patterned (non-random) fashioned† ‘. Then, we answered that the interpreter should filter what utterance that is told by the patient before we convey it to the doctor in order to protect the physician and the institution of the hospital from the critique of the patient. The last question is from Lalitya P who asked ‘are there any differences of the role of interpreter in colonial and post colonial codition? How the interpreter reacts in the interview? ’. we agreed to answer that yes, we think that there is difference in colonial and post colonial condition. For example in post colonial the interpreter is always placed in contested are between being providers of a service and being agents of authority and control. To sum up, the answer of research question has been answered in this study. The interpreters have a role as ‘advocates’ or ‘ambassadors’ for interpreted patients as suggested by Davidson (Baker, 2010 p. 172). Besides, they also act as informational gatekeepers who keep the interview ‘on track’ and the physician on schedule. The interpreters who attempt to keep the interview ‘on track’, sometimes, lead the habitual actions such as answering the patient’s questions which are directed to the doctor, editing the wholesale patient complaint in order to protect the institutional of the hospital, and etc. According to Davison in Baker (2010, p. 73) it can be outlined that interpreters are not, and cannot be ‘neutral’ machines of linguistic conversion. Moreover, it is because they are faced with the reality that linguistic systems are not ‘the same’ in how they convey information contextually. Besides, they are themselves also social agents and participant in the discourse. Davidson said in his article that the interpreters and the physicians at Riverview have to have training (Baker, 2010, p. 173) Bibliography Baker, M. (2010). Critical Reading In Traslation Studies . New York: Routledge. ‘

Girls And Boys Playing Sport Together Essay

Girls and boys should non be in college girl teams cod to the injuries, fighting, tender issues and the inequality in both sexes realizeance. A nonher issue is the misunderstandings during animal(prenominal) contact sports, like footb wholly, rugby, lacrosse and hockey. Therefore girls and boys should not play sports to encounterher because it complicates and presents an un adept environment. ordinarily when boys and girls play sports together major injuries befall, curiously when the sport has a attracter of contact. Studies guide that females t suppress to receive concussions more(prenominal) much when performing sports that allow contact with males. fasten Fin from Sunny Brook hospital reports 77% of females who play integrated sports end up with concussions. (Linkn17) Between interviewing school sports teams, girls throw away mentioned a lot that coat does matter. Jenny, A rugby player from J.Clarke Richardson explains Its shivery when you realise a huge 6 foot tall, jacked boy running at you and therefore tackles you to the ground. It tends to hurt you way more when its a boy then when its a girl, due to the size and metier difference. (helan14)When boys and girls start to generate up strength become an issue. Michael health teacher from Donald A Wilson describes why. The difference betwixt girls and boys strength is, when boys hit puberty they get stronger and girls do not. (micheal30) Therefore teens and adult girls should be prohibited to play sports together because the injuries that follows with it. college girl sport teams can cause social issues, as sanitary as blusterous, along with physiologic issues. Girls ar make fun of and called howeverch due to contend on a boys sports team. Alyssa from ONeil Secondary Explains, I feel performing with boys is more of a challenge than it is when playing with just girls, only if Im always made fun of by the boys on my team and the girls at my school.(Alyssa23) Girls can not b e in a change manner with boys, due to their different body separate. school Jim says, Now that these kids are older boys are thinking more knowledgeable tied(p) so the girls are not naked, too they have different body parts so they cannot be using the identical change room. This is an issue for gossip, about the girls, or reverse. (jim43)some propagation girls are grabbed or touched(p) by boys unexpectedly and freak out, although the boy wasnt goalally doing it. Matt from co-ed rugby reveals, Onetime I picked up this girl and accidentally put my heap in her shirt and she freaked out, and made a huge scene, I was mad because I wasnt doing it onpurpose and I only touched her stomach. (matt12) So With all of this information, it is proven that it has caused social issues , physical issues and bullying that still continues due to co-ed sports teams. Girls and playing with boys causes m any(prenominal) misunderstandings and a very medium-large change and the powerfulness to p erform well during games. Boys sometimes may be affright to perform as usual with girls due to the most common factor, hurting them. darn from Dolphins foot swelling team says, I was running towards this girl who had the nut case but, I got excite because I felt I was going to hurt her, so I slowed down and she got away. (jack19) Misunderstandings constantly occur in co-ed sports teams like, when a big cat touches a girl, but the boy not realizing what he has done because he is attempt to treat the girl like any other player, but the girl is victorious it into a sexual situation.He picked me up, with his pass along grabbing my butt.I started kicking him and hit him in the face, I felt extremely break. Alexis said from Durham College football team. (Alexis25) Sometimes females back down when a jest at 10 times the size of your size approaches you during a contact sport, like football or rugby and hockey, even association football in some cases.I had the ball and a guy 30 t imes the size of me came running towards me and I dropped the ball and ran another direction I got scared I Guess playing with the glacial sexes does have some cons. Megan from N.D expresses. (Megan18) Co-ed sports have been proven to show a difference and lack in their ability to perform during games. Also the essence of misunderstandings that have hold in to fighting is not appropriate and safe environment for boys or girls. Co-ed sports teams should not be permitted due to the consequences along the way.Males and females playing sports together cause a lot of misunderstandings. Boys have a lot of sexual thoughts when they are teens and like to joke around, but when it comes down to playing their sport their intention is not what, females seem to think. Males have shown that the ability to perform well playing with girls isnt as strong. Women have shown that the size and strength have stopped them from playing their better(p) due to the fear of injuries. Along with these conse quences, social issues have become a task with co-ed teams. The biggest thing proven is the amount of injuries women get, due to strength and size, well playing on co-ed teams. Girls and boys should not be allowed to play in any physical sports teams together, due to the points above. It should be prohibited.