Nuisance and Tresspass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aggravation and Tresspass - Essay Example This has made David and his family lose rest through clamor from the processing plant tasks and commotion from carts coming to and leaving the manufacturing plant. This is the foundation circumstance for this situation where late advancements like the triumphant of numerous agreements for Harrington and Nephew Company has brought about impedance with the ordinary life for David and his family. David’s family has experienced a ton of damage these ongoing turns of events. They incorporate The rose tree that they were allowed upon the arrival of their wedding has evaporated. David’s spouse has built up a sensitivity because of the residue that is transmitted fro the manufacturing plant. David’s family can't rest because of the clamor that never closes day and night. The paintwork on David’s vehicle has been wrecked in view of the compound mucks transmitted from the factory’s smokestack. Because of the happenings depicted above, Wally, David’s ch ild has raged the industrial facility and circumvents scanning for the chief so he may give him each of his psyche. Finding that the supervisor missing, he causes mayhem and in the process a window breaks. The secretary demands that he leaves the production line yet he resists. This paper is going to take a gander at the liabilities that the development organization may need to David and his family and whether there might be any resistances or solutions for the equivalent. It is additionally going to investigate whether the organization may have any body of evidence against the family. The significant worries of the paper will be aggravation and trespass. In the wake of having investigated what these two involve, we will exhort Harrington and Nephew on any liabilities that they may have on David’s family. Disturbance Nuisance can be arranged into either private or open. Private disturbance is submitted where one individual who is typically the respondent significantly and non sensically meddles with another person’s option to utilize and satisfaction in their property. For our situation, this is what's going on to David’s family. In contrast to trespass, obstruction can add up to a private aggravation regardless of whether it isn't immediate or purposeful. A person’s use and pleasure in their property may be meddled with by things, for example, residue, commotion or vibration (Lemmon V. Webb (1894)). In any case, claims identifying with an impedance with protection don't add up to aggravation as just Complaints about customary and sensible employments of land are held feasible. Private annoyance is along these lines not accessible where the land is utilized for an especially touchy reason or the one professing to be influenced is normally delicate. So as to decide if the impedance is significant and unreasonabl

The Person Behind The Mask Essay Example For Students

The Person Behind The Mask Essay THE PERSON BEHIND THE MASKIt had all started when he was a young man. One year a bazaar had come to town. Toward the beginning of the day a major motorcade was held in central avenue. He could see the comedians strolling around making individuals chuckle. He would watch the jokesters' countenances as they strolled by. The large noses and the interesting strolls caused him to feel happy.It was poor occasions, and his dad was jobless. His family couldnt bear the cost of any material advantages, yet every year his dad gathered enough cash so he could take his child to the bazaar. Connected at the hip they would stroll to the carnival, only several traffic lights away. He would have a major grin all over, in light of the fact that it was the main time he would feel superior to his companions. For an entire year he would dream of the comedians in the bazaar ring. Envision their scowl, entertaining strolls and tricks on one another. The tight-rope walker and the elephants were interesting, yet they werent the feature. He was sure; He would be a comedian when he got more established. We will compose a custom article on The Person Behind The Mask explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now After numerous years, he changed town and began a vocation as a bookkeeper in a major organization. No one realized him better than by name, and no one gave it a second thought. He just stayed there behind his work area, working, for quite a while, without fail. He was an each main dream. Be that as it may, he was likewise a forlorn man without any companions who might state; How are we today?His partners begrudged him, so they solidified him out. He could see the folks meet in a corner. Murmuring and giving him looks. He attempted to be a buddy, yet they didnt need him to. He was the normal person, with normal compensation and a normal loft. In any case, he wasnt hopeless. Obviously hed like a few companions and a sweetheart to converse with, yet since he didnt have any, he thought it was how it should be. His activity was to win cash and sit behind his work area grinning to everyone. Since no one gave it a second thought, they didnt think about his side interest. For a couple of ye ars prior, a fantasy of his had satisfied when he got seven days to demonstrate his capacity as a comedian in the towns carnival. He had been an incredible achievement in his assessment period, and was recruited on the double. Every night he would turn into the jokester Baltasar. The compensation was lousy, however he didnt do it for cash. Simply the looks on the childrens faces was sufficient for him. In the ring he would blow a trumpet and kick the other jokesters' base. At that point he would be part of the gang. Late every night he would come back to his home, fulfilled and tired. A major grin would cover his face when he rested, realizing that everyone enjoyed him. The following day, he imagined as though nothing had occurred. He would sit as normal with a major grin all over, and as regular no one gave it a second thought. At that point one the very beginning of his associates in the organization proposed for the others that they would make a trip to the bazaar, not realizing that he was a comedian there. At the point when he understood that they werent going to welcome him, he just said to himself;Well, well. Maybe some other time The night they were setting off to the show, he should be Baltasar. Like typical he turned into an incredible accomplishment with everyone giggling of him, including the companys representatives. The following day, his partners were murmuring despite his good faith as ordinary. In any case, they were likewise discussing the sublime comedian they had seen at the carnival. He felt very complimented, yet that didnt help him since they didnt think about him and Baltasar. .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d , .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d .postImageUrl , .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d , .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d:hover , .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d:visited , .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d:active { border:0!important; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d:active , .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u2e8f9413 4ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u2e8f94134ab1a601d1ac6cb96e69da4d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: A Stranger from Lagos EssayA week later, the carnival administrator called for Baltasar. The organization, which he worked for, needed to recruit Baltasar to engage in a gathering. Absolutely sure of the way that he wasnt going to be welcomed, he acknowledged. Possibly this will be my last opportunity to show them, he pondered internally. At the gathering he began to do his standard craftiness, and he turned into an incredible achievement. However, he didnt set out to take his veil of, to show his partners. At that point out of nowhere in a demonstration, he lost his cover. Also, similarly as abrupt they went calm. Not a sound could be heard. Everyone was gazing at him, thinking about whether it could be the dull man from the workplace. They gradually began to understand that after all he wasnt such an exhausting man. They had been mixed up and ready to give him a new beginning. From that time on, his life began sprouting. He got part of the gang and kept on working in the organization. He never left his side interest work as a comedian. It was an incredible energy. Classification: English

Short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Short story - Essay Example Ordinarily, two spoons are sufficient for me. In any case, that day I required more. It resembled I felt that that one additional spoon would give me the certainty and fortitude for the excellent experience that was going to start. That morning I was going to ride my bicycle to the highest point of the most noteworthy mountain in the area. The precarious turned streets prompting the top were viewed as hazardous in any event, for the more experienced riders than I was. The test appeared to be an extreme one. In any case, I had been wild about arriving at that highest point for nearly 12 months, and I needed to do it. Something else, my craving would not disregard me. I completed my excessively vivacious beverage and set out toward the front entryway. Despite the fact that my patio was lit with the daylight, it was still very cold outside. The whiff of natural air against my face perked me up as I moved towards the mountain. I was as energized as at no other time. After I crossed the railways, my test was formally on. At the point when the main corner was finished, I found that my life had headed off to some place. The feeling was like hordes of imperceptible needles were stuck into my legs. Sweat was spilling down my face. I could feel how it gets at me. It resembled somebody stuck a finger straight into my eye attachment. I halted to evacuate my glasses only for a second; at that point went on once more. As I pivoted the fifth corner, I understood how near the top I was. My heart was leaping out of the chest. Its sound was ringing in my mind like a ringer; I could for all intents and purposes hear it siphoning blood all through my depleted body. The highest point was extremely close. I was about there. Be that as it may, I was beginning to signal. My legs moved increasingly slow. It was more diligently to press the pedals. I had a feeling that I was submerged. Ascending on the last slope, I saw a lovely knoll through the trees. Clearly, it was my last jump. At that point, it was preferably a psychological test over a physical one. That was simply the moment that I needed to address myself the amount I needed to arrive at the top. I

Equality and Diversity Essay

This exposition analyzes the key factors that impact comprehensive learning and educating in the long lasting learning area. Instructing techniques will change as per what you need to escape the meeting, what the students can accomplish inside the time allotment, what materials and assets are accessible, what you are instructing, the necessities of the students and your own style. This could be formal, casual or a blend of both. Formal instructing techniques incorporate speakers, exhibits and introductions. Casual educating incorporates conversations, bunch work and down to earth exercises. As I will instruct inside the Beauty Therapy my exercises would be a blend of both these conveyance strategies. Every action inside the homeroom will comprise of instructing and learning exercises which are adjusted to meet the various needs of my students. Mixed learning joins both customary and PC based techniques. This is generally alluded to as Information learning innovation (ICT) this utilization of PC based innovation to improve showing techniques and assets or create student self-governance is broadly advanced. The other principle showing techniques other than ICT I am picking to utilize are teachers and exhibits. These exhibits are significant as it would show the understudies the magnificence schedule that we would anticipate that them should follow inside their functional meetings. This guarantees understudies will be attempting to a similar norm and will likewise stick to the prerequisites of the granting body. Reasonable meetings additionally help to clarify troublesome pieces of the assignment when verbal work in insufficient. I would likewise utilize bunch work exercises, these especially suit kinaesthetic students yet in addition when you have a gathering comprising of different capacities it permits both frail and solid students to work all in all. Question and Answer meetings will be most ordinarily utilized in my instructional exercises. On the off chance that I was instructing for instance ‘the bones and muscles of the body) I would request that understudies recognize where muscles are on the body to help advance learning. Toward the beginning of the course the methodology I will use to encourage comprehensive learning will be to do an underlying evaluation. This will enable me to recognize what kind of students they are, I would then arrangement my instructing meetings to meet these individual needs by utilizing a blend of visual, sound-related, kinaesthetic educating and learning techniques. For instance I had quite recently finished a down to earth showing to my gathering on ‘a facial routine’, I needed to ensure my students could unhesitatingly work two by two and practice this everyday practice on one another. An errand like this would suit the kinaesthetic on the grounds that he/she is given a chance to do and learn, and for the visual student I would create a bit by bit delineated hand-out to help the daily practice. The Equality Act 2010 blueprints defensive attributes which advance uniformity inside schools and universities and forestall separation. This incorporates sexuality, sex, incapacity, conjugal status and religion. So as to advance uniformity in my study hall I should react emphatically to the different needs all things considered. Successful correspondence with students is fundamental and it is the teacher’s obligation to guarantee that students comprehend fitting jargon and phrasing and that remarks are not oppressive or hostile. As an educator I would keep language basic so that on the off chance that I have a student from various foundations they might not have a similar degree of English as British students. Assets utilized, for example, hand-outs, assignments and work sheets will likewise expect to advance correspondence and decent variety. For instance I would deliver worksheets in a sexual orientation free language and furthermore intend to advance multiculturalism by creating situation based worksheets that utilization names from different ethnic foundations. I would likewise pace my meetings so understudies have a lot of time to take notes and pose any inquiries. In spite of the fact that consideration is tied in with supporting learners’ needs. It isn't constantly workable for instructors to do this without help themselves. All instructors ought to know about the restrictions of their own duty and know when and where to get to help for students. you won't have the option to get understudies to illuminate all their own challenges. Become more acquainted with and utilize your foundations understudy administrations or peaceful emotionally supportive network: it exists to help your understudies, and you, so allude where it is appropriate† Petty 2004 There are numerous spots of referral inside training; the se can be both inward inside the instruction foundation or an outside association. The interior spots of referral may incorporate understudy bolster administrations, student study bolster focus, and guiding and vocations exhortation. On the off chance that I had an understudy for instance who required assistance with composing their paper I would mastermind them to go to the student study bolster focus who might have the option to help Learners with learning troubles or incapacities may require extra help and may require an assigned help specialist to help them inside the study hall. A student with dyslexia may think that its difficult to understand content or numbers or experience issues with composing and spelling, along these lines I would create composed hand-outs and permit students with dyslexia to introduce their thoughts verbally or tape notes if important. Political accuracy is a regularly utilized term right now and is utilized to guarantee that articulations don't make offense a specific gathering of individuals. There are additionally numerous outer organizations where students can be alluded, and which office they are alluded to would rely upon the individual’s needs of the student. This may incorporate wellbeing related issues, family troubles, poor participation, or continued testing conduct. The motivation behind alluding a student to an outside help office is to help an individual understudy and to assist them with defeating their challenges which are affecting on their instruction. For instance on the off chance that I had an understudy who was continually troublesome in class and had a record of forceful conduct I would allude them to the Pupil Referral Unit. They would help and urge the student to be associated with the learning procedure, however in a littler domain where they be in an a lot littler gathering (3-4 students) and furthermore get coordinated help. Practical abilities, for example, proficiency, numeracy and ICT can be handily incorporated into my exercises. These exercises will meet both proficiency and numeracy guidelines however are all the more effortlessly comprehended by the student. A case of this would be a task covering salon obligations. I would request that the understudies produce a business record for stock to be re-requested from our provider. This would incorporate maths as the understudy would need to compute the expense of merchandise and furthermore the all out estimation of the request, it would incorporate English as the understudy needs to deliver the archive and ICT as the understudy would need to introduce it in a composed organization. The most ideal approach to set up standard procedures with my students is to arrange them. The guidelines ought to be fitting and reasonable and concurred all in all class. As an educator, I would set up guidelines during the main meeting, and plan a short movement around this. The class could examine what is anticipated from them and compose the standards in little gatherings. I would likewise list a couple of standard procedures and afterward arrange them as a class. This offers all students the chance to be incorporated and included and as they have settled on the standards they are likewise bound to regard them. When building up guidelines it is imperative to guarantee they are clear and brief and start emphatically as opposed to with ‘do not’. When the principles have been set up I would request that the students think of them on some flipchart paper and hang them up in the class with the goal that they are obvious to all. It is additionally critical to fortify the guidelines reliably and to state students when rules have been clung to. I feel this strategy would spur students and furthermore model great conduct. A few guidelines will be unable to be arranged. For instance when the understudies come into class they should be wearing their salon outfits and hair must be tied back. As an instructor despite the fact that I have planned my exercises to address everyone’s issues I despite everything need to guarantee that my students are inspired and need to learn. Maslow (1970) contends that essential needs such a food, wellbeing, love and having a place and confidence should be met with the end goal for them to accomplish their objectives and yearnings. Everybody is persuaded through either Intrinsic (in light of the fact that they need to learn) or extraneous helpers (since they need to I. e. better employment possibilities). â€Å"A great educator will play to the qualities of the student when attempting to bring energy up in learning† Wilson 2004 †page 188 Other hypotheses of inspiration that can be utilized to persuade students incorporate the objective orientated hypothesis, in light of want to be remunerated for accomplishment. A student is provided an unmistakable guidance or task and when it is reached there is a prize. For instance I would set a gathering task for my students to finish inside the exercise. In the event that they finish before the finish of the exercise they are permitted an early break. In the event that they don’t complete the undertaking at the before the finish of the meeting they should finish as schoolwork. Albert Bandura (1994) proposed that an individual’s confidence in themselves and their capacity is identified with what they can accomplish. A case of how this can be applied into the study hall is to urge my student to attempt, and re-clarify the point on the off chance that they are uncertain. Through instructing and consolation I will empower that student to accomplish. Giving viable input will assist with improving the certainty of students and build up their latent capacity. Input ought to be conveyed expeditiously and be a two way process. I would ask the student how they figure they did and get a thought if their comprehension of the subject. Regardless of whether I had negative criticism to provide for my student I would end with a positive proclamation to impel t

Writing a Thesis

Writing a ThesisWriting a thesis is a step in the process of a student getting an education. It should be approached with care and understanding. It is a formal document that should be kept to a certain standard to make it look professional. If you are unsure about what you are writing, there are experts who can help you.In writing a thesis, it will outline and describe what you want to achieve as an academic. It will also serve as a legal form for your degree program. This form is required when applying for college, school or university. It will include information about the students' progress towards the degree. It can also give details on subjects such as desired major, syllabus, study methods, electives, work experience, career goals, interests, cultural background, and work ethic.Writing a thesis is not a simple task. To prepare it, you should consider the following:o Write the first chapter with a general purpose. You should show how you have analyzed the subject in a well-orga nized way. It should also contain good examples to show the reader how you have taken a point of view and presented it in a good way.o In the second chapter, you can write a brief outline of a major area. The focus is to emphasize the major aspects of the topic you wrote. It should also be easy to understand, written in a brief manner and contains direct quotations from your sources.o You should then write the conclusion and recommendations. They should also include strong evidence that supports your viewpoint. You can use supporting examples to support your case and they should also be organized in a very clear manner.o After you have written your thesis, you need to prepare a personal statement. It will contain some specific facts about yourself, together with your views on the topic. It is not necessary that it must be related to the subject but it is advisable to include it in the personal statement.Writing a thesis is not an easy task. It requires a lot of research and skills i n order to produce a quality document. If you do not have much knowledge about the subject, you can ask someone to help you prepare it.

What is the Value of an MBA

Poets Quants released some excellent data last week on the value of an MBA, concluding that b-school grads did very well in 2014 in regards to average salary and bonus. Here are some highlights from the article: †¢ In 2014, Harvard and Stanford grads earned average salaries that exceeded pre-recession levels for the first time. For Harvard MBAs, the average salary was $144,750, compared to $144,261 in 2008. The average salary for Stanford MBAs was $142,834, compared to 2008’s $140,771. †¢ There were a total of seven b-schools that reported average pay above $140K. Michigan Ross was one of these schools whose salary and bonus package jumped 20.9% in five years to $140,497. †¢ Washington Foster experienced a huge increase in average salary and bonuses, from $91,593 in 2010 up 36.9% to $125.367 in 2014. Average salary and bonuses also took huge leaps at Rochester Simon (30.6% from $78,083 to $101,961) and at Emory Goizueta (28.0% from $100,300 to $128,347). †¢ In 2010, only 24 U.S. business schools landed job that paid six-figures; in 2014, that number increased significantly to 44 schools. †¢ The top five schools with the most highly compensated grads were HBS, MIT Sloan, Stanford, Wharton, and Tuck. †¢ A few schools saw year-over-year decreases, including USC (from $116,011 to $114,129), Boston Carroll (from $96,915 to $94,963), and Minnesota Carlson (from $117,972 to $112,828). See the PQ article for more details. Related Resources: †¢ MBA in Sight: Focus on Finance †¢Ã‚  Does it Pay to Get an MBA? †¢Ã‚  PayScale: How Much Can You Earn, and How to Earn It?

What Is Operant Conditioning Definition and Examples

Operant conditioning occurs when an association is made between a particular behavior and a consequence for that behavior. This association is built upon the use of reinforcement and/or punishment to encourage or discourage behavior. Operant conditioning was first defined and studied by behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner, who conducted several well-known operant conditioning experiments with animal subjects. Key Takeaways: Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is the process of learning through reinforcement and punishment. In operant conditioning, behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the consequences of that behavior. Operant conditioning was defined and studied by behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner. Origins B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist, which means he believed that psychology should be limited to the study of observable behaviors. While other behaviorists, like John B. Watson, focused on classical conditioning, Skinner was more interested in the learning that happened through operant conditioning. He observed that in classical conditioning responses tend to be triggered by innate reflexes that occur automatically. He called this kind of behavior respondent. He distinguished respondent behavior from operant behavior. Operant behavior was the term Skinner used to describe a behavior that is reinforced by the consequences that follow it. Those consequences play an important role in whether or not a behavior is performed again. Skinner’s ideas were based on Edward Thorndike’s law of effect, which stated that behavior that elicits positive consequences will probably be repeated, while behavior that elicits negative consequences will probably not be repeated. Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement into Thorndike’s ideas, specifying that behavior that is reinforced will probably be repeated (or strengthened). To study operant conditioning, Skinner conducted experiments using a â€Å"Skinner Box,† a small box that had a lever at one end that would provide food or water when pressed. An animal, like a pigeon or rat, was placed in the box where it was free to move around. Eventually the animal would press the lever and be rewarded. Skinner found that this process resulted in the animal pressing the lever more frequently. Skinner would measure learning by tracking the rate of the animal’s responses when those responses were reinforced. Reinforcement and Punishment Through his experiments, Skinner identified the different kinds of reinforcement and punishment that encourage or discourage behavior. Reinforcement Reinforcement that closely follows a behavior will encourage and strengthen that behavior. There are two types of reinforcement: Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior results in a favorable outcome, e.g. a dog receiving a treat after obeying a command, or a student receiving a compliment from the teacher after behaving well in class. These techniques increase the likelihood that the individual will repeat the desired behavior in order to receive the reward again.Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior results in the removal of an unfavorable experience, e.g. an experimenter ceasing to give a monkey electric shocks when the monkey presses a certain lever. In this case, the lever-pressing behavior is reinforced because the monkey will want to remove the unfavorable electric shocks again. In addition, Skinner identified two different kinds of reinforcers. Primary reinforcers naturally reinforce behavior because they are innately desirable, e.g. food.Conditioned reinforcers reinforce behavior not because they are innately desirable, but because we learn to associate them with primary reinforcers. For example, Paper money is not innately desirable, but it can be used to acquire innately desirable goods, such as food and shelter. Punishment Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement. When punishment follows a behavior, it discourages and weakens that behavior. There are two kinds of punishment. Positive punishment (or punishment by application) occurs when a behavior is followed by an unfavorable outcome, e.g. a parent spanking a child after the child uses a curse word.Negative punishment (or punishment by removal) occurs when a behavior leads to the removal of something favorable, e.g. a parent who denies a child their weekly allowance because the child has misbehaved. Although punishment is still widely used, Skinner and many other researchers found that punishment is not always effective. Punishment can suppress a behavior for a time, but the undesired behavior tends to come back in the long run. Punishment can also have unwanted side effects. For example, a child who is punished by a teacher may become uncertain and fearful because they don’t know exactly what to do to avoid future punishments. Instead of punishment, Skinner and others suggested reinforcing desired behaviors and ignoring unwanted behaviors. Reinforcement tells an individual what behavior is desired, while punishment only tells the individual what behavior isn’t desired. Behavior Shaping Operant conditioning can lead to increasingly complex behaviors through shaping, also referred to as the â€Å"method of approximations.† Shaping happens in a step-by-step fashion as each part of a more intricate behavior is reinforced. Shaping starts by reinforcing the first part of the behavior. Once that piece of the behavior is mastered, reinforcement only happens when the second part of the behavior occurs. This pattern of reinforcement is continued until the entire behavior is mastered. For example, when a child is taught to swim, she may initially be praised just for getting in the water. She is praised again when she learns to kick, and again when she learns specific arm strokes. Finally, she is praised for propelling herself through the water by performing a specific stroke and kicking at the same time. Through this process, an entire behavior has been shaped.   Schedules of Reinforcement In the real world, behavior is not constantly reinforced. Skinner found that the frequency of reinforcement can impact how quickly and how successfully one learns a new behavior. He specified several reinforcement schedules, each with different timing and frequencies. Continuous reinforcement occurs when a particular response follows each and every performance of a given behavior. Learning happens rapidly with continuous reinforcement. However, if reinforcement is stopped, the behavior will quickly decline and ultimately stop altogether, which is referred to as extinction.Fixed-ratio schedules reward behavior after a specified number of responses. For example, a child may get a star after every fifth chore they complete. On this schedule, the response rate slows right after the reward is delivered.Variable-ratio schedules vary the number of behaviors required to get a reward. This schedule leads to a high rate of responses and is also hard to extinguish because its variability maintains the behavior. Slot machines use this kind of reinforcement schedule.Fixed-interval schedules provide a reward after a specific amount of time passes. Getting paid by the hour is one example of this kind of reinforcement schedule. Much like the fixed-ratio schedule, the response rate increases as the reward approaches but slows down right after the reward is received.Variable-interval schedules vary the amount of time between rewards. For example, a child who receives an allowance at various times during the week as long as they’ve exhibited some positive behaviors is on a variable-interval schedule. The child will continue to exhibit positive behavior in anticipation of eventually receiving their allowance. Examples of Operant Conditioning If you’ve ever trained a pet or taught a child, you have likely used operant conditioning in your own life. Operant conditioning is still frequently used in various real-world circumstances, including in the classroom and in therapeutic settings. For example, a teacher might reinforce students doing their homework regularly by periodically giving pop quizzes that ask questions similar to recent homework assignments. Also, if a child throws a temper tantrum to get attention, the parent can ignore the behavior and then acknowledge the child again once the tantrum has ended. Operant conditioning is also used in behavior modification, an approach to the treatment of numerous issues in adults and children, including phobias, anxiety, bedwetting, and many others. One way behavior modification can be implemented is through a token economy, in which desired behaviors are reinforced by tokens in the form of digital badges, buttons, chips, stickers, or other objects. Eventually these tokens can be exchanged for real rewards. Critiques While operant conditioning can explain many behaviors and is still widely used, there are several criticisms of the process. First, operant conditioning is accused of being an incomplete explanation for learning because it neglects the role of biological and cognitive elements. In addition, operant conditioning is reliant upon an authority figure to reinforce behavior and ignores the role of curiosity and an individuals ability to make his or her own discoveries. Critics object to operant conditionings emphasis on controlling and manipulating behavior, arguing that they can lead to authoritarian practices. Skinner believed that environments naturally control behavior, however, and that people can choose to use that knowledge for good or ill. Finally, because Skinner’s observations about operant conditioning relied on experiments with animals, he is criticized for extrapolating from his animal studies to make predictions about human behavior. Some psychologists believe this kind of generalization is flawed because humans and non-human animals are physically and cognitively different. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What is Operant Conditioning and How Does it Work?† Verywell Mind, 2 October 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/operant-conditioning-a2-2794863Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Goldman, Jason G. â€Å"What is Operant Conditioning? (And How Does It Explain Driving Dogs?)† Scientific American, 13 December 2012. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/thoughtful-animal/what-is-operant-conditioning-and-how-does-it-explain-driving-dogs/McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Skinner – Operant Conditioning.† Simply Psychology, 21 January 2018. https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html#class